Regulation of Stat5 by FAK and PAK1 in Oncogenic FLT3 and KIT driven Leukemogenesis

Oncogenic mutations of FLT3 and KIT receptors are associated with poor survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) and currently available drugs are largely ineffective. Although Stat5 has been implicated in regulating several myeloid and lymphoid malignancies, how precisely Stat5 regulates leukemogenesis, including its nuclear translocation to induce gene transcription is poorly understood. In leukemic cells, we show constitutive activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), whose inhibition represses leukemogenesis. Downstream of FAK, activation of Rac1 is regulated by RacGEF Tiam1, whose inhibition prolongs the survival of leukemic mice. Inhibition of the Rac1 effector PAK1 prolongs the survival of leukemic mice in part by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of Stat5. These results reveal a leukemic pathway involving FAK/Tiam1/Rac1/PAK1 and demonstrate an essential role for these signaling molecules in regulating the nuclear translocation of Stat5 in leukemogenesis

Pepper Production

Excerpts from the report: Garden peppers are native to tropical America. They are gradually becoming more popular in home and market gardens, for canning, and for preserving in brine or by drying. Although not a major vegetable, they merit more extensive use because of their attractiveness in flavor and color and their high vitamin content. This publication describes the more common varieties of peppers, their cultural methods, and control of their insects and diseases

Pepper Production

Excerpts from the report: Garden peppers are native to tropical America. They are gradually becoming more popular in home and market gardens, for canning, and for preserving in brine or by drying. Although not a major vegetable, they merit more extensive use because of their attractiveness in flavor and color and their high vitamin content. This publication describes the more common varieties of peppers, their cultural methods, and control of their insects and diseases

Farmers' bulletin (United States. Dept. of Agriculture)

Describes different types of sweet potatoes, and the methods for transplanting, cultivating, and harvesting them. Argues the possibility of increasing the profitability of this crop

United States Department of Agriculture Leaflet Number 116

Describes the growth of Jerusalem artichokes in different areas of the United States. Provides suggestions for planting and harvesting