Región y nación: el Río Grande insurgente, entre el Imperio de Brasil y las repúblicas del Río de la Plata (1838-1842)

El siglo diecinueve fue marcado por el proceso de descolonización y el consecuente proceso de formación de los Estados nacionales en Latinoamérica. Durante muchos años las guerras civiles entre diferentes grupos políticos fueron la característica más visible de aquellos tiempos. El artículo presente busca una explicación para la secesión de la provincia brasileña del Rio Grande do Sul ubicada en el extremo surdel país, en la frontera con el Estado Oriental del Uruguay y la Confederación Argentina. Los insurgentes proclamaron su independencia del Imperio de Brasil bajo el nombre de República Rio-Grandense, tratando desde luego de firmar compromisos políticos y económicoscon las repúblicas vecinas como una manera de asegurarse contra los esfuerzos del gobierno brasileño en reintegrar su provincia desgarrada. La República Rio-Grandense se mantuvo desde 1836 hasta 1845, pero el texto muestra los actos diplomáticos más importantes de los rebelados, que ocurrieron entre 1838 y 1842

Validation of Inverse Seasonal Peak Mortality in Medieval Plagues, Including the Black Death, in Comparison to Modern Yersinia pestis-Variant Diseases

Background: Recent studies have noted myriad qualitative and quantitative inconsistencies between the medieval Black Death (and subsequent ‘‘plagues’’) and modern empirical Y. pestis plague data, most of which is derived from the Indian and Chinese plague outbreaks of A.D. 1900615 years. Previous works have noted apparent differences in seasonal mortality peaks during Black Death outbreaks versus peaks of bubonic and pneumonic plagues attributed to Y. pestis infection, but have not provided spatiotemporal statistical support. Our objective here was to validate individual observations of this seasonal discrepancy in peak mortality between historical epidemics and modern empirical data. Methodology/Principal Findings: We compiled and aggregated multiple daily, weekly and monthly datasets of both Y. pestis plague epidemics and suspected Black Death epidemics to compare seasonal differences in mortality peaks at a monthly resolution. Statistical and time series analyses of the epidemic data indicate that a seasonal inversion in peak mortality does exist between known Y. pestis plague and suspected Black Death epidemics. We provide possible explanations for this seasonal inversion. Conclusions/Significance: These results add further evidence of inconsistency between historical plagues, including the Black Death, and our current understanding of Y. pestis-variant disease. We expect that the line of inquiry into the disputed cause of the greatest recorded epidemic will continue to intensify. Given the rapid pace of environmental change in th

Anomalous T-dependence of phonon lifetimes in metallic VO2

We investigate phonon lifetimes in VO2 single crystals. We do so in the metallic state above the metal-insulator transition (MIT), where strong structural fluctuations are known to take place. By combining inelastic X-ray scattering and Raman spectroscopy, we track the temperature dependence of several acoustic and optical phonon modes up to 1000 K. Contrary to what is commonly observed, we find that phonon lifetimes decrease with decreasing temperature. Our results show that pre-transitional fluctuations in the metallic state give rise to strong electron-phonon scattering that onsets hundreds of degrees above the transition and increases as the MIT is approached. Notably, this effect is not limited to specific points of reciprocal space that could be associated with the structural transition

Bulk charge density wave and electron-phonon coupling in superconducting copper oxychlorides

Bulk charge density waves (CDWs) are now reported in nearly all high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cuprates, with the noticeable exception of one particular family: the copper oxychlorides. Here, we used resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) to reveal a bulk CDW in these materials. Combining RIXS with non-resonant IXS, we investigate the interplay between the lattice excitations and the CDW, and evidence bond-stretching (BS) phonon anomalies at the CDW wave-vector. We propose that such electron-phonon anomalies occur in the presence of dispersive charge excitations emanating from the CDW and interacting with the BS phonon. Our observations in a structurally simple cuprate promises to better connect bulk and surface properties and bridge the gap between theory and experiment

International entrepreneurship in SMEs: a study of influencing factors in the textile industry

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11365-012-0242-3International entrepreneurship is an incipient research area with a rapidly increasing body of knowledge and contributions. An important part of this literature has focused on the analysis of the contributing factors to IE development. From these studies, this work attempts to analyse and validate through an integrative model the effect on this construct in SME of some of the main factors proposed by the literature such as Skills and Competences, Attitude and Proactiveness, Creativity and Innovation, Networking, Employees and Activity. To proceed with this aim, we conducted an empirical research focused on 174 textile SME in Spain. The results obtained confirm a positive relationship between the studied factors and the IE development. 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