Región y nación: el Río Grande insurgente, entre el Imperio de Brasil y las repúblicas del Río de la Plata (1838-1842)

El siglo diecinueve fue marcado por el proceso de descolonización y el consecuente proceso de formación de los Estados nacionales en Latinoamérica. Durante muchos años las guerras civiles entre diferentes grupos políticos fueron la característica más visible de aquellos tiempos. El artículo presente busca una explicación para la secesión de la provincia brasileña del Rio Grande do Sul ubicada en el extremo surdel país, en la frontera con el Estado Oriental del Uruguay y la Confederación Argentina. Los insurgentes proclamaron su independencia del Imperio de Brasil bajo el nombre de República Rio-Grandense, tratando desde luego de firmar compromisos políticos y económicoscon las repúblicas vecinas como una manera de asegurarse contra los esfuerzos del gobierno brasileño en reintegrar su provincia desgarrada. La República Rio-Grandense se mantuvo desde 1836 hasta 1845, pero el texto muestra los actos diplomáticos más importantes de los rebelados, que ocurrieron entre 1838 y 1842

Validation of Inverse Seasonal Peak Mortality in Medieval Plagues, Including the Black Death, in Comparison to Modern Yersinia pestis-Variant Diseases

Background: Recent studies have noted myriad qualitative and quantitative inconsistencies between the medieval Black Death (and subsequent ‘‘plagues’’) and modern empirical Y. pestis plague data, most of which is derived from the Indian and Chinese plague outbreaks of A.D. 1900615 years. Previous works have noted apparent differences in seasonal mortality peaks during Black Death outbreaks versus peaks of bubonic and pneumonic plagues attributed to Y. pestis infection, but have not provided spatiotemporal statistical support. Our objective here was to validate individual observations of this seasonal discrepancy in peak mortality between historical epidemics and modern empirical data. Methodology/Principal Findings: We compiled and aggregated multiple daily, weekly and monthly datasets of both Y. pestis plague epidemics and suspected Black Death epidemics to compare seasonal differences in mortality peaks at a monthly resolution. Statistical and time series analyses of the epidemic data indicate that a seasonal inversion in peak mortality does exist between known Y. pestis plague and suspected Black Death epidemics. We provide possible explanations for this seasonal inversion. Conclusions/Significance: These results add further evidence of inconsistency between historical plagues, including the Black Death, and our current understanding of Y. pestis-variant disease. We expect that the line of inquiry into the disputed cause of the greatest recorded epidemic will continue to intensify. Given the rapid pace of environmental change in th

Non-adiabatic effects in the phonon dispersion of Mg 1--x Al x B 2

Superconducting MgB$\_2$ shows an E$\_{2g}$ zone center phonon, as measured by Raman spectroscopy, that is very broad in energy and temperature dependent. The Raman shift and lifetime show large differences with the values elsewhere in the Brillouin Zone measured by Inelastic X-ray Scattering (IXS), where its dispersion can be accounted for by standard harmonic phonon theory, adding only a moderate electron-phonon coupling. Here we show that the effects rapidly disappear when electron-phonon coupling is switched off by Al substitution on the Mg sites. Moreover, using IXS with very high wave-vector resolution in MgB$\_2$, we can follow the dispersion connecting the Raman and the IXS signal, in agreement with a theory using only electron-phonon coupling but without strong anharmonic terms. The observation is important in order to understand the effects of electron-phonon coupling on zone center phonons modes in MgB$\_2$, but also in all metals characterized by a small Fermi velocity in a particular direction, typical for layered compounds

Press as an intervention instrument in the PPR : case study of state horse racing tracks enterprise in the 1970s and 1980s

W warunkach ograniczonej wolności mediów w PRL-u dyskurs sprawozdawców wyścigowych radykalnie się wyróżniał. Przez dekady występowali z pozycji rzeczników interesów bywalców warszawskiego toru na Służewcu i poddawali krytyce sposób jego zorganizowania i nadzorowania przez przedsiębiorstwo Państwowe Tory Wyścigów Konnych. W artykule została omówiona skala i zanalizowane płaszczyzny tej krytyki oraz formy interwencji środowiska dziennikarzy wyścigowych w działalność PTWK w latach 70. i 80. XX wieku. Stawiamy tezę, iż stała krytyka PTWK na łamach prasy była tolerowana przez państwo i różne ośrodki jego władzy, ponieważ legitymizowała symboliczne zepchniecie tej formy rozrywki i hazardu na marginesy PRL-owskiego społeczeństwa. Wynikać też mogła z obawy przed reakcjami środowiska wyścigowego na wyciszanie jego przedstawicieli, które podkreślałyby znaczenie wyścigów konnych dla kultury, gospodarki kraju i życia stolicy. Ambiwalentna pozycja instytucji wyścigów konnych w ramach komunistycznego państwa stworzyła warunki dla powstania wokół służewieckiego hipodromu ruchu społecznego, który choć apolityczny - za pomocą demokratycznych środków, dążył do cząstkowej zmiany ówczesnego systemu.In Polish People's Republic, in limited media freedom conditions, the horseracing journalists discourse radically stood out. For decades they acted as a spokespersons of Racetrack Służewiec racegoers and criticized the Horse Racetracks State Enterprise (Państwowe Tory Wyścigów Konnych) organisation and work over the seventies and eighties. The article discusses how the scale and grounds on which it was carried out as well forms of journalists interventions into this state company management. The main thesis of the paper is that constant press criticism of Horse Racetracks State Enterprise was tolerated by state authorities since it legitimized the symbolic marginalization of this form of entertainment and hazard within Polish People's Republic society. Additionally it resulted out of the fear over reactions of racegoers community towards journalists repressions, which instead of decreasing, would emphasize the meaning of the horseraces to country's economy and capital's social life. The ambivalent position of the horseraces within communist state created conditions for the rise of social movement which, although apolitical, thorough democratic tools intended to partially change the social system of that times