Non-thermal emission from standing relativistic shocks: an application to red giant winds interacting with AGN jets

Galactic and extragalactic relativistic jets have rich environments that are full of moving objects, such as stars and dense clumps. These objects can enter into the jets and generate shocks and non-thermal emission. We characterize the emitting properties of the downstream region of a standing shock formed due to the interaction of a relativistic jet with an obstacle. We focus on the case of red giants interacting with an extragalactic jet. We perform relativistic axisymmetric hydrodynamical simulations of a relativistic jet meeting an obstacle of very large inertia. The results are interpreted in the framework of a red giant whose dense and slow wind interacts with the jet of an active galactic nucleus. Assuming that particles are accelerated in the standing shock generated in the jet as it impacts the red giant wind, we compute the non-thermal particle distribution, the Doppler boosting enhancement, and the non-thermal luminosity in gamma rays. The available non-thermal energy from jet-obstacle interactions is potentially enhanced by a factor of $\sim 100$ when accounting for the whole surface of the shock induced by the obstacle, instead of just the obstacle section. The observer gamma-ray luminosity, including the flow velocity and Doppler boosting effects, can be ~300(g/10)^2 times higher than when the emitting flow is assumed at rest and only the obstacle section is considered, where g is the jet Lorentz factor. For a whole population of red giants inside the jet of an AGN, the predicted persistent gamma-ray luminosities may be potentially detectable for a jet pointing to the observer. Obstacles interacting with relativistic outflows, for instance clouds and populations of stars for extragalactic jets, or stellar wind inhomogeneities in microquasar jets and in winds of pulsars in binaries, should be taken into account when investigating the non-thermal emission from these sources.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, version after proofs to appear in Astronomy & Astrophysic

Clumpy stellar winds and high-energy emission in high-mass binaries hosting a young pulsar

High-mass binaries hosting young pulsars can be powerful gamma-ray emitters. The stellar wind of the massive star in the system is expected to be clumpy. Since the high-energy emission comes from the pulsar-star wind interaction, the presence of clumps can affect the spectrum and variability of this radiation. We look for the main effects of the clumps on the two-wind interaction region and on the non-thermal radiation. A simple analytical model for the two-wind interaction dynamics was developed accounting for the lifetime of clumps under the pulsar-wind impact. This time plays a very important role with regard to the evolution of the clump, the magnetic field in the clump-pulsar wind interaction region, and the non-radiative and radiative cooling of the non-thermal particles. We also computed the high-energy emission produced at the interaction of long-living clumps with the pulsar wind. For reasonable parameters, the clumps will induce small variability on the X-ray and gamma-ray radiation. Sporadically, large clumps can reach closer to the pulsar increasing the magnetic field, triggering synchrotron X-ray flares and weakening other emission components like inverse Compton. The reduction of the emitter size induced by clumps also makes non-radiative losses faster. Stellar wind clumps can also enhance instability development and matter entrainment in the shocked pulsar wind when it leaves the binary. Growth limitations of the clumps from the wind acceleration region may imply that a different origin for the largest clumps is required. The large-scale wind structures behind the observed discrete absorption components in the UV may be the source of these large clumps. The presence of structure in the stellar wind can produce substantial energy-dependent variability and should not be neglected when studying the broadband emission from high-mass binaries hosting young pulsars.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics (minor corrections after proofs

Secondary emission behind the radio outflows in gamma-ray binaries?

Several binary systems consisting of a massive star and a compact object have been detected above 100 GeV in the Galaxy. In most of these sources, gamma-rays show a modulation associated to the orbital motion, which means that the emitter should not be too far from the bright primary star. This implies that gamma-ray absorption will be non negligible, and large amounts of secondary electron-positron pairs will be created in the stellar surroundings. In this work, we show that the radio emission from these pairs should be accounted for when interpreting the radio spectrum, variability, and morphology found in gamma-ray binaries. Relevant features of the secondary radio emission are the relatively hard spectrum, the orbital motion of the radio peak center, and the extended radio structure following a spiral-like trajectory. The impact of the stellar wind free-free absorption should not be neglected.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures / presented as a contributed talk in HEPRO II, Buenos Aires, Argentina, October 26-30 2009 / accepted for publication in Int. Jour. Mod. Phys.

Studying the properties of the radio emitter in LS 5039

LS 5039 is an X-ray binary that presents non-thermal radio emission. The radiation at $\sim 5$ GHz is quite steady and optically thin, consisting on a dominant core plus an extended jet-like structure. There is a spectral turnover around 1 GHz, and evidence of variability at timescales of 1 yr at 234 MHz. We investigate the radio emitter properties using the available broadband radio data, and assuming two possible scenarios to explain the turnover: free-free absorption in the stellar wind, or synchrotron self-absorption. We use the relationships between the turnover frequency, the stellar wind density, the emitter location, size and magnetic field, and the Lorentz factor of the emitting electrons, as well as a reasonable assumption on the energy budget, to infer the properties of the low-frequency radio emitter. Also, we put this information in context with the broadband radio data. The location and size of the low-frequency radio emitter can be restricted to \ga few AU from the primary star, its magnetic field to $\sim 3\times 10^{-3}-1$ G, and the electron Lorentz factors to $\sim 10-100$. The observed variability of the extended structures seen with VLBA would point to electron bulk velocities \ga 3\times 10^8 cm s$^{-1}$, whereas much less variable radiation at 5 GHz would indicate velocities for the VLBA core \la 10^8 cm s$^{-1}$. The emission at 234 MHz in the high state would mostly come from a region larger than the dominant broadband radio emitter. We suggest a scenario in which secondary pairs, created via gamma-ray absorption and moving in the stellar wind, are behind the steady broadband radio core, whereas the resolved jet-like radio emission would come from a collimated, faster, outflow.Comment: accepted for publication in A&A, 5 pages, 2 figures, 1 tabl

Studying the interaction between microquasar jets and their environments

In high-mass microquasars (HMMQ), strong interactions between jets and stellar winds at binary system scales could occur. In order to explore this possibility, we have performed numerical 2-dimensional simulations of jets crossing the dense stellar material to study how the jet will be affected by these interactions. We find that the jet head generates strong shocks in the wind. These shocks reduce the jet advance speed, and compress and heat up jet and wind material. In addition, strong recollimation shocks can occur where pressure balance between the jet side and the surrounding medium is reached. All this, altogether with jet bending, could lead to the destruction of jets with power $<10^{36} \rm{erg/s}$. The conditions around the outflow shocks would be convenient for accelerating particles up to $\sim$TeV energies. These accelerated particles could emit via synchrotron and inverse Compton (IC) scattering if they were leptons, and via hadronic processes in case they were hadrons.Comment: 4 pages. Contribution to the proceedings of High Energy Phenomena in Relativistic Outflows, held in Dublin, Ireland, September 24-28, 200

High-energy emission from jet-clump interactions in microquasars

High-mass microquasars are binary systems consisting of a massive star and an accreting compact object from which relativistic jets are launched. There is considerable observational evidence that winds of massive stars are clumpy. Individual clumps may interact with the jets in high-mass microquasars to produce outbursts of high-energy emission. Gamma-ray flares have been detected in some high-mass X-ray binaries, such as Cygnus X-1, and probably in LS 5039 and LS I+61 303. We predict the high-energy emission produced by the interaction between a jet and a clump of the stellar wind in a high-mass microquasar. Assuming a hydrodynamic scenario for the jet-clump interaction, we calculate the spectral energy distributions produced by the dominant non-thermal processes: relativistic bremsstrahlung, synchrotron and inverse Compton radiation, for leptons, and for hadrons, proton-proton collisions. Significant levels of emission in X-rays (synchrotron), high-energy gamma rays (inverse Compton), and very high-energy gamma rays (from the decay of neutral pions) are predicted, with luminosities in the different domains in the range ~ 10^{32}-10^{35} erg/s. The spectral energy distributions vary strongly depending on the specific conditions. Jet-clump interactions may be detectable at high and very high energies, and provide an explanation for the fast TeV variability found in some high-mass X-ray binary systems. Our model can help to infer information about the properties of jets and clumpy winds by means of high-sensitivity gamma-ray astronomy.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A (10 pages, 8 figures