Delay Analysis And Optimality Of scheduling In Multi-hop Wireless Network

The delay is one of the important metric considered in the wireless network and wire-line network.In single hop wire-line network only one hop(router) is present from source to destination .In single hop network the interference problems occurred and the trac control is dicult,the high amount of delay and the low amount of packet delivery ratio, because of routes changes dynamically and finally leads to low performance of the network.The delay analysis of a packets plays a vital role in the network.In real time applications the fixed time is given, so that the given amount of time all the packets should be delivered from source to destination.In multi-hop wireless network decomposition of packets into multiple paths,if any two nodes meet at same point bottleneck is occurred.In order to overcome from bottleneck used new queuing technique.For knowing the behavior of the each path in the network lower bound analysis is used.Dierent policies are used for scheduling the packets, which gives better optimality

EXTENDING THE ADJUSTING KINEMATIC PARAMETER APPROACH TO SPATIAL ROBOTIC MECHANISMS

Robotic mechanisms refer to mechanisms that include at least one varying speed motor (servomotor). Dynamic balancing is a critical issue in designing robotic mechanisms, which affects their accuracy and efficiency. The force and moment from robotic mechanisms can cause vibration motions on the base, which is called the shaking force and shaking moment (including torque), while at the same time causes “small” vibration motions on the body of the mechanism. Several well-known methods are available for decades for balancing the shaking force and shaking moment, including the counter-weight (CW) method, add-of-spring (AOS) method, add-of-linkage (AOL), and adjusting kinematic parameter (AKP). AKP was developed in our group in 1990s; however, it is only applicable to planar robotic mechanisms. The primary objective of this thesis was to extend AKP to spatial robotic mechanisms. A spherical parallel robotic mechanism, which is a type of spatial robotic mechanisms, was chosen as a study vehicle due to their relatively simple kinematics and dynamics. The mechanism is symmetrical consisting of three legs and one mobile platform, where the end effector (e.g., camera orienting device) is mounted. Each leg contains a lower link and an upper link. The equations for force balancing using AKP were derived by (1) writing the position vectors of the COM of mechanisms with respect to the reference point ‘O’, (2) writing the expression of the COM into a form that includes the time-dependent term (Bi) and the non time-dependent term (Ai), and (3) letting all Bi be zero, i.e., Bi=0, which are the equations for force balancing. Simulation was performed by the software called SPACAR developed at TU Delft. The simulation results showed the effectiveness of the AKP approach to spatial spherical mechanisms for force balancing. Another objective of this thesis was to use a combination of AKP and CW to dynamic balance a spherical mechanism. Dynamic balancing includes both force and moment balancing. The condition of moment balancing is that the total angular momentum of the mechanism with respect to a reference point remains zero. The equations for moment balancing were derived with three steps: (1) letting the angular momentum of the mechanism with respect to the center point to zero, which results into an equation; (2) writing this equation into a format that the time-dependent term (Bi) and the term (Ai) that includes the dimension and mass distribution are separate, like A0 + A1B1+A2B2+…+AnBn; (3) letting all Ai be zero. Using SPACAR as the simulation tool, the results again showed the effectiveness of the AKP approach to dynamic balancing for spatial mechanisms. The final objective was to optimize the mechanism which has been force balanced for the minimal shaking moment; this problem is also called partial shaking moment balancing. The problem was formulated by considering the minimization of shaking moment as an objective function while the force balancing equation as a constraint equation. The variables in the optimization problem are the masses and lengths of the links. The function ‘fmincon’ from the MATLAB optimization toolbox was employed for solving this optimization problem. Using the SPACAR software, a simulation was conducted to show the effectiveness of the approach to partial dynamic balancing of spherical mechanisms. The main contributions of this thesis lie in the field of balancing of robotic mechanisms. Specifically, the thesis extends the AKP approach to spatial robotic mechanisms, which provides more means to balancing of spatial robotic mechanisms. It is noted that each method has its pros and cons, and a combined use of several methods is a strategy for improvement of the quality of balancing. For the first time, the thesis provides a combined AKP and CW approach to fully dynamic balancing a spatial mechanism. Finally, the thesis demonstrates the feasibility of optimal moment balancing when the mechanism has already been force balanced with the combined AKP and CW approach

Omental infarction: A rare cause of acute abdomen

Omental infarction is an uncommon but important cause of acute abdominal pain, which frequently mimics other surgical presentations. Low incidence and non-specific presentation contribute to Omental infarction being misconstrued for appendicitis, peptic ulcer perforation, acute pancreatitis or mesenteric ischemia. Its etiology remains uncertain, predisposing factors include obesity, strenuous activity, trauma, and sometimes idiopathic. Its diagnosis has traditionally been one of exclusion, based on intraoperative and pathologic findings. Here, we report the case of idiopathic omental infarction in a 51-year-old male. We discuss the diagnosis of primary omental infarction as well as the role of conservative and surgical management

Fast Nearest Neighbour Search Aims At Optimizing Different Objective Functions Using Si- Index

Several modern applications call for novel forms of queries that aspire to find objects pleasing both a spatial predicate and a predicate on their associated texts. The significance of spatial databases is reflected by the convenience of modelling entities of reality in a geometric manner. For instance locations of restaurants, hotels, hospitals and so on are often represented as points in a map at the same time as larger extents such as parks, lakes and landscapes often as a combination of rectangles. Many functionalities of a spatial database are useful in various ways in specific contexts. For case in point in a geography information system, range search can be deployed to find all restaurants in a certain area while nearest neighbour retrieval can discover the restaurant closest to a given address. We develop a new access method called the spatial inverted index that extends the conventional inverted index to cope with multidimensional data, and comes with algorithms that can answer nearest neighbour queries with keywords in real time

CAPITALIZE ON P2P HEADING CONTACT ACCESSIBILITY NOW PORTABLE AD HOC SYSTEMS STILL IMITATION FOR COMPETENT FOLDER DIVISION

Replication of files is a superb approach to improve file convenience minimizing file querying delay. The raised contemplation on mobile programs of file speaking about motivates study peer-to-peer file speaking about on mobile random systems. Within our work we inspect the intricacy of allocating restricted sources for file replication for global optimal effectiveness of file searching in mobile random systems. We initiate a manuscript idea of resource intended for file replication that sights node storage additionally to node meeting capacity and keep focused resource allotment effect on common querying delay and get optimal file rule of replication that assign sources towards each file on foundation its recognition additionally to size. We submit data replication strategies which pulls on rule, which estimate least global querying delay within the completely distributed approach

Potential vegetable sources for biodiesel production:Cashew, coconut and cotton

This work presents a study on crude oil and biodiesel obtained from the seeds of the tropical plants Anacardium occidentale L (cashew), Cocos nucifera (coconut palm) and Gossypium hirsutum (upland cotton). The following crude oil and biodiesel physical-chemical properties were determined: acid number, iodine value, copper corrosivity, density and viscosity at different temperatures. Also, the chemical composition of the fatty acid methyl esters was measured using gas chromatography and a comparison was made with biodiesel from other sources reported in the literature. The analysis pointed out that cashew, coconut palm and upland cotton are potential sources for biodiesel production. Among the biodiesel types tested, cashew showed the highest oxidation stability

Response surface methodology for optimization of bio-lubricant basestock synthesis from high free fatty acids castor oil

In this paper, an eco-friendly single-step process for the synthesis of biolubricant basestock from high free fatty acid (FFA) castor oil (CO) via epoxidation reaction was investigated. Influence of various process parameters on the structural modification of CO and their interaction with the maximum oxirane oxygen content (OOC) was optimized. Central composite design (CCD) as one of the tools in response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effects of process variables on maximum OOC. Iodine value (IV) and OOC was used to monitor the progress of epoxidation. From the RSM study, the optimal condition inferred was H2O2, 1.65 mol, catalyst loading, 15.14 wt%, temperature, 52.81°C, and reaction time, 2.81 h. At this optimum condition, OOC was found to be 3.85 mass%. Further, the epoxide product was confirmed by 1H, 13C NMR spectral technique and OOC was determined by the standard HBr method. Finally, the significant physico-chemical properties for the prepared epoxide were determined and compared with the castor oil

Chemical/Structural Modification of Canola Oil and Canola Biodiesel: Kinetic Studies and Biodegradability of the Alkoxides

Canola oil and canola biodiesel derived alkoxides are prepared in the present investigation through a series of structural modifications. Epoxidation of canola oil and canola biodiesel were carried out by hydrogen peroxide using IR-120 as an acidic catalyst. The alkoxylation of epoxidized feedstocks was promoted using 2-propanol and tert-Butyl alcohol in the presence of montmorillonite catalyst and optimum reaction conditions were obtained for complete epoxide conversion to alkoxylated products as follows: reaction temperature of 90 °C, epoxide to alcohol molar ratio of 1:6, and reaction time between 6 and 8 h. The products were identified with one- and two-dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques, and the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the alkoxylation reactions were also investigated. The thermo-oxidative stability, rheology, biodegradability and lubricity properties of the prepared alkoxides were determined using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) standard methods. Structural modification of the feedstocks enhanced the significant properties for lubrication and exhibited their potential application as gear and engine oils

In-Situ Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Estolides via Epoxidation from Canola Biodiesel

Research on the formulation of estolides from plant seed oils has attracted substantial attention due to their favorable low-temperature properties and environmentally friendly nature. The present research investigates the formulation of canola biodiesel derived estolides for low-temperature applications. The dual-step research method includes ring opening of epoxidized canola biodiesel in the presence of oleic acid, followed by esterification with oleic acid to produce estolides using a mesoporous aluminosilicates possessing Modernite Framework Inverted (MFI) type pentasil structure as a heterogeneous acidic catalyst. Prepared catalyst was characterized to measure the properties essential for the effective catalysis. The catalyst demonstrated promising activity for the estolides formation, >95% conversion was achieved at 110 °C for 6 h using 15 wt % of catalyst loading. 1H NMR technique and oxirane oxygen titrimetric analysis were employed to determine product purity. Physicochemical properties of the reaction products were determined by standard methods and characterization results revealed that the formulated estolides had improved low-temperature, lubricity and rheological properties, and thermo-oxidative stability. Also, biodegradability of the estolides was found to be 92% within 28 days as per the bio-kinetic model. Wear scar diameter of 106 µm was noticed for 10% of alkoxide blend with standard diesel fuel. Overall, outcomes of the physicochemical characterization data indicated that the prepared estolides can act as possible alternative bio-lubricant basestock for various low-temperature applications