Introduction : Évolutions postsuburbaines en Europe et dans le Nouveau Monde

La ville en mutation Trois tableaux d’Albrecht Dürer, un artiste qui, mieux que tout autre maître, a su incarner la mutation intervenue entre le Moyen-Âge et l’époque moderne, entre l’époque gothique et la Renaissance, révèlent le visage de la ville d’Innsbruck aux alentours de 1 500. Aujourd’hui, l’impressionnant ensemble gothique de cette ville serait sans doute inscrit à l’inventaire du Patrimoine culturel de l’Humanité, en vue de le préserver pour les générations à venir. Malheureusement,..

Les résidences secondaires dans le Tyrol

Les maisons secondaires sont relativement populaires dans les Alpes. De nombreuses personnes vivant dans les agglomérations urbaines s’efforcent de passer une partie de leur temps en pleine nature, dans un paysage magnifique et de participer à la culture locale. Les conséquences négatives pour les communautés alpines sont évidentes : l’espace libre est saturé de constructions, les coûts des infrastructures augmentent, les maisons secondaires avec les volets des fenêtres fermés pendant de longues périodes donnent aux villages l’aspect de « villages morts ». Les hôtels souffrent de la compétition de la sous-location des maisons secondaires. De l’autre côté, les municipalités alpines obtiennent des moyens financiers en vendant des biens immobiliers. Ces moyens financiers peuvent être investis dans les infrastructures et être utilisés pour maintenir la compétitivité en matière de tourisme. Les maisons secondaires soutiennent l’industrie de la construction et le commerce de détail. Les désavantages des maisons secondaires ont conduit à des mesures restrictives dans l’État fédéré du Tyrol autrichien. Elles sont partiellement en contradiction avec les lois européennes et même avec la constitution autrichienne. En dépit de ces restrictions, le pourcentage des personnes vivant une partie de leur temps dans des maisons secondaires s’est accru considérablement dans les communautés tyroliennes au cours des dernières années. Cela démontre que les mesures de régulation ne sont pas aussi efficaces que prévu. Cet article illustre le développement du secteur des maisons secondaires dans le Tyrol, ses connexions avec le phénomène des multilocalités, documente les conditions légales et essaie de fournir une évaluation de la situation

Socio-spatial change in the world heritage site Valparaíso

Valparaíso’s old town is one of five world heritage sites in Chile. Its districts of Puerto and Financiero on the coastal platform, together with the surrounding hills of Cerros Concepción and Alegre make up 0.9 % of the total urbanised area. The unique urban ensemble with its heritage of early industrialisation, the harbour installations and the many wooden funiculars have led UNESCO to make these districts a protected area. However, protection does not only mean conservation. Many morphological, functional and socio-spatial changes have taken place since the declaration as a heritage site. Some of them are due to the effects of natural and man-made disasters, but many are a result of the new function as a heritage site. Based on a morphological and functional analysis and a deeper look at the socio-spatial changes, the study returns contradictory results. Initial trends of gentrification can be observed, which may favour the conservation of the built environment, but weaken the social situation. A more severe degradation of the building stock has been halted; however, in many respects dilapidation has only been slowed down. The negative demographic trend has been exacerbated by the activities of ruthless developers who have bought up buildings with speculation in mind. Such activities have a long-term destructive effect on the immaterial cultural heritage, i.e. the vibrant and locally specific urban life in the old town. The main question is how the declaration as a world heritage site has influenced the social and economic fabric of the old town, and how the changes can be evaluated. This paper investigates the socio-economic changes, social transformations and other processes of change

Web-based instruments for strengthening sustainable regional development in the Alps

Web-based information and communication technologies enable the inclusion of all stakeholders in sustainable regional development and raise hopes that these processes will be accomplished from the bottom up and with broad public participation. This article synthesizes, presents, and critically discusses solutions for the Alps that use web 2.0 technologies, in particular: (a) GALPIS and DIAMONT with databases and an interactive webGIS, (b) mountain.TRIP as an efficient communication and information system to link research with practice, and (c) mountain wikis as tools for collaborative regional planning and development. The results indicate that new information and communication instruments enhance the implementation, promotion, assessment, and steering of sustainable regional development in the Alps

Dystopian utopia between mountain and the sea? Second-home production along the Coastal Cordillera of Central Chile 1992-2012

In recent decades the expansion of the metropolitan areas in Central Chile has produced numerous forms, structures and functions. The amenities of the environment and local food and culture have been used to promote a utopia for future residents, which include many people who have purchased a second home. However in many cases the migrants have suffered frustrations. They found dystopia instead of the promised utopia. By intensifying the metropolization of Central Chile, the real estate sector has produced a space not unlike the spatial conditions the migrants hoped to escape. Pristine environments were transformed into polluted areas, suffering from rapid urbanization, noise, rubbish and an overload of visitors in formerly untouched areas. In this paper we analyse the socio-economic impact and the perception of second-home development. Many of the new apartments, flats and houses are used as second homes, introducing and enhancing new forms of multilocality. The infrastructure is designed for full occupation, yet during many periods of the year it is not used, and those who live there all year round seem lost in large areas devoid of life

La exclusión residencial y el desarrollo de la ciudad moderna en América Latina: de la polarización a la fragmentación. El caso de Santiago de Chile

At first sight, exclusive resideritial complexes with restrictive access seem to be a new phenomenon in the Latin American cities. Yet, tlie urban evolution of the countries of the region exhihit a pattern of districts separated from the rest of the urban complex in which they are entangled. During the last decades and along whith the irruption of neoliberalism ancl globalization, these living spaces covered different areas arid accommodated diverse social sectors, not only elites; increasing significanltly theirs ize, surfaces and number of inhabitans.Aparentemente los conjuntos residenciales con acceso exclusivo para sus residentes son un nuevo fenómeno en las ciudades latinoamericanas. Sin embargo, la evolución urbana de los países de la región expresa una constante aparición de barrios separados del resto del complejo urbano en el que se construyen. No solamente habitados por las elites y distribuidos por diversas localizaciones, con distinta base social y territorial, en las últimas décadas, con la irrupción del neoliberalismo y la globalización, ellos aumentaron significativamente su tamaño, superficies y número de habitante