Gradients methods for simultaneous optimizations: case studies for food systems

The objective of this work was to develop a software with efficient gradient methods for foods systems multiresponse optimization using the Derringer & Suich function, including a 4th order polynomial equation to remove non-differentiable points in that function. The software was tested in three food systems selected in specialized literature: 1) inactivated lipoxygenase and lipase and preserve phytase activity in barley during soaking; 2) simultaneous optimization of response in protein mixture formulation; 3)simultaneous optimization of parameters used in roasting process of corn germ to be used as an ingredient in foods. The program that was developed has show itself to be efficient and trustworthy for the optimization of multiresponse.Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um aplicativo com métodos de gradiente eficazes na otimização de sistemas alimentares com respostas múltiplas utilizando as funções de Derringer & Suich, incluindo um polinômio de 4º grau para a remoção das descontinuidades dessas funções. O aplicativo foi testado em três sistemas alimentares selecionados na literatura especializada: 1) inativação da lipoxigenase e lípase preservando-se a atividade da fitase durante o processamento hidrotérmico da cevada; 2) otimização simultânea das respostas na formulação de misturas de proteínas; 3) otimização simultânea dos parâmetros de torração de gérmen de milho visando aplicação como ingrediente em alimentos. O programa desenvolvido mostrou ser eficiente e confiável para a otimização em sistemas alimentares multirresposta

Aplicativo para otimização empregando o método simplex seqüencial

A computer program for process optimization influenced by continuous and qualitative variables was developed from the simplex method. Software was validated through case studies found in literature by predictive models with two distinct processes. The obtained results showed great concordance with values supplied by literature. The developed program is portable and friendly, and may be used in several optimization systems. Software complementation with other subroutines, as combined response optimization, may make its application more comprehensive.Um aplicativo para otimização de processos influenciados por variáveis contínuas e/ou qualitativas foi desenvolvido a partir do método simplex. O software foi validado através de casos da literatura especializada com modelos preditivos que representam dois processos distintos. Os resultados obtidos apresentaram ampla concordância com os valores fornecidos pela literatura consultada. O aplicativo desenvolvido é portável e amigável, podendo ser utilizado para a otimização de diversos sistemas. A complementação do software com outras sub-rotinas, como otimização de respostas combinadas, pode tornar a sua aplicação mais abrangente

Difusão multicomponente durante a salga mista de queijo prato

The relation between NaCl and arterial hypertension has stimulated a partial substitution for KCl on cheese. However, it is very important to guarantee an adequate proportion of NaCl/KCl, and also the homogeneous distribution of these salts, to maintain the final quality of the product. Therefore, the models that calculate the salty concentration are useful tools to control the quality. In this study an analytic resolution of Fick's 2 law, generalized for two salts, was used to simulate the salting in stationary brine. The analytic resolution, carried out through a computer program, allowed an adjustment of the diffusion coefficients and to evaluate the external resistance. The results calculated show a close comparison of the experimental values (an deviation of 2.7% to NaCl and 6.6% to KCl), validating the proposed model. The simulation can be used to adjust productivity (reducing the salting time) through the salting-time calculation for a required saltiness.A relação entre o NaCl e a hipertensão arterial tem estimulado a sua substituição parcial por KCl em queijos. Entretanto, para manter a qualidade final do produto, é de suma importância assegurar uma proporção adequada de NaCl/KCl, bem como a distribuição homogênea destes sais. Os modelos que estimam a concentração salina, portanto, são valiosas ferramentas para o controle de qualidade. Para simular a difusão multicomponente durante a salga em salmoura estática, foi proposto um modelo unidimensional, baseado na solução analítica da 2ª lei de Fick generalizada para dois solutos. A solução analítica, implementada através de um algoritmo computacional, permitiu o ajuste dos coeficientes de difusão e a avaliação da resistência externa. Os resultados da simulação obtidos apresentaram boa concordância com os valores experimentais (desvio de 2,7% para o NaCl e 6,6% para o KCl), validando a capacidade preditiva do modelo proposto. Além disso, a simulação pode permitir um ajuste de ganhos de produtividade (redução do tempo de salga) através da estimativa do tempo de salga para teores salinos desejados

Evaluation of Fermentative Parameters for the Production of Botryosphaeran (a(1-->3;1-->6)-β-D-glucan) and Mycelial Biomass by Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05

Botryosphaeran is an exopolysaccharide (EPS) of the (1"3;1"6)-β-D-glucan type produced by the fungus Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05. In attempts to enhance its extracellular production, the quantitative effects of different nitrogen sources, fermentation time, inoculum size, C/N ratio, and initial pH were evaluated on the yields of botryosphaeran. Ammonium nitrate was selected as the best nitrogen source in examining these effects using a 2³-factorial central-composite experimental design, and analysis by the response surface method. According to a factorial design, the most important variables influencing both botryosphaeran and mycelium biomass production was inoculum concentration and the time of growth. Under these conditions, optimum botryosphaeran production occurred at 88 h of growth, 0.88 g of mycelium L-1 of nutrient mediumat C/N ratio of 30, and resulted in a 5.2 g L-1 yield of EPS in the fermentation broth. For production of the mycelium biomass, the optimum condition occurred at the same time of growth and inoculum concentration; however the best C/N ratio was 75, and resulted in a yield of 33.8 g L-1 of biomass. The results also indicated that the maximal mycelial growth is not associated to the yields of botryosphaeran production by Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v7i1.63

Planejamento e otimização de sistemas mistos controlados por variáveis qualitativas e quantitativas

This study has the aim to propose an alternative methodology for system optimization and an experimental design where the qualitative and quantitative variables were combined. Three central composite (rotational) designs were combined to produce a model with these two different kinds of variables. A 2² factorial design was also suggested as a central point to study one qualitative and two quantitative factors. The models were optimized using the otplex software, previously validated through a high complexity level function. The results either to the designs or to the optimization, confirm that the technique is a promising tool in the mixed system analysis controlled by qualitative and quantitative factorsO trabalho propõe uma metodologia alternativa para o planejamento e otimização de sistemas mistos controlados por variáveis qualitativas e quantitativas. Foram combinados três delineamentos centrais compostos (rotacionais) isolados para a produção de um único modelo contendo variáveis qualitativas e quantitativas. Foi também sugerido um delineamento fatorial 2² com ponto central para o estudo de um fator qualitativo e dois quantitativos. Os modelos obtidos foram otimizados através do aplicativo otplex, previamente validado através de uma função de maior nível de complexidade. Os resultados obtidos, tanto para os planejamentos quanto para a otimização, confirmam que a técnica empregada é uma promissora ferramenta na análise de sistemas mistos controlados por fatores qualitativos e quantitativo

Optimisation of the alcoholic fermentation of aqueous jerivá pulp extract

The objective of this research is to determinate the optimum conditions for the alcoholic fermentation process of aqueous jerivá pulp extract using the response surface methodology and simplex optimisation technique. The incomplete factorial design 3³ was applied with the yeast extract, NH4H2PO4 and yeast as the independent variables and the alcohol production yield as the response. The regression analysis indicated that the model is predictive, and the simplex optimisation generated a formulation containing 0.35 g L-1 yeast extract, 6.33 g L-1 yeast and 0.30 g L-1NH4H2PO4 for an optimum yield of 85.40% ethanol. To validate the predictive equation, the experiment was carried out in triplicate under optimum conditions, and an average yield of 87.15% was obtained. According to a t-test, no significant difference was observed (on the order of 5%) between the average value obtained and the value indicated by the simplex optimisation technique.The objective of this research is to determinate the optimum conditions for the alcoholic fermentation process of aqueous jerivá pulp extract using the response surface methodology and simplex optimisation technique. The incomplete factorial design 3³ was applied with the yeast extract, NH4H2PO4 and yeast as the independent variables and the alcohol production yield as the response. The regression analysis indicated that the model is predictive, and the simplex optimisation generated a formulation containing 0.35 g L-1 yeast extract, 6.33 g L-1 yeast and 0.30 g L-1 NH4H2PO4 for an optimum yield of 85.40% ethanol. To validate the predictive equation, the experiment was carried out in triplicate under optimum conditions, and an average yield of 87.15% was obtained. According to a t-test, no significant difference was observed (on the order of 5%) between the average value obtained and the value indicated by the simplex optimisation technique.