L'effet CSI: état de l'art sur un phénomène aux multiples facettes

Depuis son lancement en 2000, la série policière "Les Experts" ("CSI : Crime Scene Investigations" en version originale) a été l'une des séries les plus populaires dans son genre tant aux Etats-Unis qu'ailleurs dans le monde. En raison de la représentation idéalisée la science forensique véhiculée au fil des épisodes, certains acteurs juridiques américains on exprimé, par l'intermédiaire de la presse populaire, l'inquiétude selon laquelle de telles séries puissent hausser les attentes des jurés vis-à-vis des indices matériels présentés au tribunal. Le terme "effet CSI" a ainsi été créé afin de désigner l'influence des séries de genre forensique, particulièrement "Les experts", sur la prise de décision des jurés lors des procès. Par la suite, l'utilisation de ce terme s'est étendue aux autres acteurs sociaux et juridiques. Cet article a pour but de présenter en détail l' "effet CSI" par le biais d'une recherche bibliographique des travaux effectués sur le sujet. La typologie des principaux effets décrits dans la littérature, l'évolution spatio-temporelle de l'emploi de ce terme, ainsi que les principaux points de vue et constats sont présentés. Cette compilation bibliographique révèle que les principaux champs de recherche de l' "effet CSI" peuvent changer en fonction de la zone géographique. D'une manière générale, il ressort que les séries policières peuvent être vecteurs d'informations propres à modifier la perception de la science forensique par le grand public mais qu'elles ne sont pas les seuls médias à produire une image réaliste de la criminalité et du système de justice pénale. Ces sources de divertissement peuvent quelquefois être éducatives mais peuvent également avoir pour effet de provoquer une hausse des attentes du citoyen ordinaire envers la police technique et l'indice matériel, sans pour autant constituer une menace pour le système de justice pénale

Signature of a silver phase percolation threshold in microscopically phase separated ternary Ge0.15Se0.85-xAgx (0 <= x <= 0.20) glasses

Temperature modulated Alternating Differential Scanning Calorimetric (ADSC) studies show that Se rich Ge0.15Se0.85-xAgx (0 <= x <= 0.20) glasses are microscopically phase separated, containing Ag2Se phases embedded in a Ge0.15Se0.85 backbone. With increasing silver concentration, Ag2Se phase percolates in the Ge-Se matrix, with a well-defined percolation threshold at x = 0.10. A signature of this percolation transition is shown up in the thermal behavior, as the appearance of two exothermic crystallization peaks. Density, molar volume and micro-hardness measurements, undertaken in the present study, also strongly support this view of percolation transition. The super-ionic conduction observed earlier in these glasses at higher silver proportions, is likely to be connected with the silver phase percolation.Comment: 4 pages, 7 figure

Effect of nitrogenous bases on the thermal stability of jet fuels

Fuels from naphthenic petroleums were evaluated, and it was found that they had more N bases than those paraffinic ones (0.00024 and 0.000009% N, respectively). The removal of the N bases improved significantly the thermal stability and reduced the residue formation during oxidation of the fuel. The improvement depended on both content and composition of the bases. Thus, fuels with similar content of N bases (0.00058% N) and thermal stability had oxidation residues of 17.5 and 5.6 and sol. gum of 13 and 1.5 mg/100 ml, before and after removing the N bases, respectively

Modulation of Biofilm Growth by Sub‐Inhibitory Amounts of Antibacterial Substances

It is generally accepted that bacteria in biofilm are more resistant to antibacterials than their planktonic counterparts. For numerous antibiotics, it has been shown that minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for bacteria grown in broth are much lower than the minimal biofilm inhibition concentrations. While sub‐inhibitory concentrations, that is, amounts of antibacterials below the MIC, do not either influence or suppress to some extent or other the bacterial growth in liquid media, these same amounts of drugs, natural substances, etc., may have diverse effects on bacterial biofilms, ranging from suppression to stimulation of the sessile growth and varying with regard to the bacterial species and strains. This is a source of additional risks for both biofilm infection of host tissues and contamination indwelling devices. When considering the data for biofilm modulation, differences in experimental protocols should be taken into account, as well as the strain‐specific mechanisms of biofilm formation

Influence of Fruit Juice From Aronia Melanocarpa on the Process of Lipid Peroxidation in a Model of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

The fruit juice from Aronia melanocarpa (FJAM) is rich in anthocyanins. We studied the effect of FJAM on the process of lipid peroxidation in a model of carbon tetrachloride (CCI4)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in plasma and liver homogenate. CCU induced a significant elevation of MDA levels in the plasma (p<0,05) and in the homogenate (p<0,01) in comparison with distilled water-treated controls. FJAM applied alone did not significantly influence on the MDA levels. The pretreatment of the rats with FJAM before their treatment with CCI4 lead dose-dependently to MDA levels in the plasma and homogenate which did not differ in most animal groups from the controls and were significantly lower from those of the CCI4-treated rats

Antiproliferative activity of a new derivative from the class of N-glycoside of indolo [2,3-a] pyrrolo [3,4-c] carbazoles

The aim of the study was to evaluate an antiproliferative activity of a new, Russian derivative of N-glycoside substituted indolocarbazole 6-amino-12-(α-L-arabinopyranosyl)indolo [2,3-a] pyrrolo [3,4-c] carbazole-5,7-dione (LCS-1208) on models of transplantable tumors of mice and on human tumors in Balb/c nude mic

Improving the level of food security of the region: cluster approach

Scientific approaches to the study of food security at the regional level of the Russian Federation are considered. The main indicators characterizing the level of food security of the Vologda region have been analysed. The main problems in providing the population of the region with food products of their own production have been identified. The problem of the low level of production of meat and meat products in the region has been identified as a problem that requires the most careful attention of regional government bodies. It has been concluded that the strengthen state support for meat livestock enterprises of the region is necessary. The analysis of the opinions of domestic scientists on the application of the cluster approach to the development of the agro-industrial complex has been carried out. The expediency of creating a meat cluster of the Vologda region as a promising tool for solving the problem of the low level of provision of the population of the region with meat is justified. The results of the SWOT analysis of the meat cluster of the Vologda region have been presented. The general concept of the meat cluster of the region is proposed

Comparison of the Functional Activities of Xanthine Oxidases Isolated from Microorganisms and from Cow’s Milk

© 2018, Pleiades Publishing, Inc. The characteristics of the formation of the superoxide radical anion (O2∙−) and hydrogen peroxide by xanthine oxidases isolated from microorganisms and from cow’s milk were investigated. The increase in pH led to an increase in the rate of xanthine oxidation with oxygen by both xanthine oxidases. The functioning of xanthine oxidase from milk along with the two-electron reduction of O2 to H2O2 carries through the one-electron reduction of O2 to O2∙−, and the rate and the fraction of generation of O2∙− increased with increasing pH. Under operation of the microbial xanthine oxidase, the O2∙− radical was not detected in the medium. The results suggest a difference in the operation of active centers of enzyme from different sources

Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain levels in CLN2 disease patients treated with enzyme replacement therapy normalise after two years on treatment

Classic late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN2 disease) is caused by a deficiency of tripeptidyl-peptidase-1. In 2017, the first CLN2 enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) cerliponase alfa (Brineura) was approved by the FDA and EMA. The CLN2 disease clinical rating scale (CLN2 CRS) was developed to monitor loss of motor function, language and vision as well as frequency of generalised tonic clonic seizures. Using CLN2 CRS in an open label clinical trial it was shown that Brineura slowed down the progression of CLN2 symptoms. Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a protein highly expressed in myelinated axons. An increase of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood NfL is found in a variety of neuroinflammatory, neurodegenerative, traumatic, and cerebrovascular diseases. We analysed CSF NfL in CLN2 patients treated with Brineura to establish whether it can be used as a possible biomarker of response to therapy. Newly diagnosed patients had CSF samples collected and analysed at first treatment dose and up to 12 weeks post-treatment to look at acute changes. Patients on a compassionate use programme who were already receiving ERT for approximately 1yr had CSF samples collected and NfL analysed over the following 1.3 years (2.3 years post-initiation of ERT) to look at long-term changes. All newly diagnosed patients we investigated with classical late infantile phenotype had high NfL levels >2000 pg/ml at start of treatment. No significant change was observed in NfL up to 12 weeks post-treatment. After one year of ERT, two out of six patients still had high NfL levels, but all patients showed a continued decrease, and all had low NfL levels after two years on ERT. NfL levels appear to correspond and predict improved clinical status of patients on ERT and could be useful as a biomarker to monitor neurodegeneration and verify disease modification in CLN2 patients on ERT