Vladanje krmača 24 sata prije odbića

A number of 30 sows of different age and breed composition, accommodated in farrowing crates with piglets aged 27-28 days were observed, 24 hours before weaning. The partitions bars were removed from one side of the crate at 8th to 10th day after farrowing. Five sows’ body positions were observed (lying on the left side, on the right side, on stomach, the sitting position and the standing position). Statistical analysis showed differences between the observed sow groups regarding the duration of the lying position on the right side (the 1st group differed from the 2nd, 3rd and 4th, while there was none for the 5th and 6th group) and the sitting position (only group 2 and 3 differed). The sows were lying for a shorter period of time than the sows with suckling piglets and spent longer time in the sitting and standing position. Sitting was the dominant position of all noted positions, while the remaining observed activities (drinking, urinating, sniffing, rooting, scratching) were only short and happened, mostly, before and after feeding. It would be convenient to enable the sows some space where they can remove from the piglets when they wish to do so, improving thus to their welfare and, although, earlier return of the sow to estrus would, enable a more successful production.Promatrano je 24 sata prije odbića 30 krmača, različite starosti i pasminskog sastava, smještenih u bokseve s prasadi starom 27-28 dana. Krmače su raskliještene 8. do 10. dana nakon prasenja, kod čega je bila skinuta jedna pregrada. Praćeno je 5 položaja (ležanje na lijevom boku, desnom boku, trbuhu, sjedenje i stajanje) i 6 aktivnosti krmača (jedenje, pijenje, uriniranje, grizenje predmeta, rovanje i čohanje). Statistička analiza je pokazala razlike između šest promatranih grupa krmača u trajanju položaja ležanja na desnom boku (razlika prve grupe od 2., 3. i 4., dok je nema za 5. i 6. grupu) i sjedenja (razlika samo između 2. i 3. grupe). Krmače su ležale kraće nego što to leže krmače s mlađom prasadi, te su duže sjedile i stajale. Od uočenih aktivnosti dominantno je bilo jedenje, dok su ostale uočene aktivnosti (pijenje, uriniranje, njušenje, rovanje, čohanje) bile kratkotrajne i događale su se uglavnom prije i nakon hranjenja. Poželjno bi bilo omogućiti krmačama prostor u koji bi se mogle odvojiti od prasadi kada to žele, čime bi se povećala njihova dobrobit, a ranije vraćanje krmača u estrus omogućilo bi i uspješniju proizvodnju

Preliminarno istraživanje dobrobiti rasplodnih nerasta

The behaviour and housing requirements of mature boars (Sus scrofa) are poorly understood although they may be an important aspect of improving welfare and productivity. Since a definition of relevant behaviours is essential to obtain quantitative information about the housing requirements of mature boars, the aim of this study was to establish the breeding boars’ ethogram and to defifi ne the most relevant behaviours that can be used as welfare measurements. Breeding boars were observed in their enclosures three hours before semen collection. The boars exposed 13 functional behaviours (eating, drinking, defecating, urinating, rooting, scenting, grooming, grunting, social behaviour, elements of social behaviour, watching, stereotypes, motionlessness) and five body positions (lying on the belly, lying on the flank, standing, walking and sitting). The dominant behaviours were motionlessness and eating. The boars’ vocalisations were different in sound and duration. The dominant positions were lying on the flank and belly. Lying was connected with motionlessness and not reacting to environmental changes. In this study, the behavioural repertoire and the presence of stereotypes were not a good approach to evaluate the boars’ welfare. We concluded that it is necessary to have more subtle methods to evaluate how they cope with their environment and suggested that measurement of boars’ welfare could be the frequency of their vigilance, since typically they will be motionless most of the time. Moreover, the duration of pig species specific behaviours, such as rooting and scenting, could be an important measurement in approaching their welfare, because it is poorly exposed in a barren environment and environmental enrichment should stimulate those behaviours. The third possible measure of breading boars’ welfare could be vocalization.Potrebe nerasta (Sus scrofa) u odnosu na smještaj i izražavanje normalnoga vladanja, nisu dostatno istraživane kada se uzme u obzir važnost istih u poboljšanju dobrobiti i proizvodnosti. Budući da je definiranje vladanja pojedinačnoga nerasta ključno za dobivanje kvantitativne informacije o njihovim smještajnim potrebama, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odrediti etogram rasplodnih nerasta i definirati najvažnija ponašanja koja mogu biti mjere dobrobiti. Rasplodni nerasti bili su promatrani u boksovima tri sata prije korištenja za pripust. Nerasti su pokazali 13 funkcionalnih ponašanja (jedenje, pijenje, defeciranje, mokrenje, rovanje, njušenje, timarenje, roktanje, društveno ponašanje, elemente spolnoga ponašanja, promatranje okoline, stereotipije, mirovanje) i pet položaja tijela (ležanje na trbuhu, ležanje na boku, stajanje, hodanje i sjedenje). Dominirala su ponašanja mirovanja i jedenja. Glasanje nerasta razlikovalo se po zvučnosti i trajanju. Dominantni položaji tijela bili su ležanje na boku i trbuhu. Ležanje je bilo povezano s mirovanjem i nereagiranjem na promjene u okolišu. U ovome istraživanju, repertoar prikazanih ponašanja i stereotipije nisu bili dobri u okolišu. U ovome istraživanju, repertoar prikazanih ponašanja i stereotipije nisu bili dobri pokazatelji za procjenu dobrobiti nerasta. Stoga smo zaključili da je prijeko potrebno imati osjetljivije metode za procjenu odnosa nerasta s njihovim neposrednim okolišem, pa budući da nerasti uglavnom miruju, predlažemo da se za mjerenje dobrobiti rabi učestalost njihove aktivnosti. Nadalje, trajanje ponašanja koja su tipična za svinje, kao što su rovanje i njušenje, mogla bi biti ključna za procjenu njihove dobrobiti zbog toga što su rijetko pokazana u osiromašenom okolišu, a obogaćeni okoliš treba ih potaknuti. Treća moguća mjera dobrobiti rasplodnih nerasta moglo bi biti njihovo glasanje

Razina plazmatičnog kortizola u nazimica tretiranih imunostimulatorom virusnog podrijetla (Parapoxvirus ovis) u kasnoj fazi gravidnosti.

The goal of these investigations was to check if two-time treatment of gilts by Baypamun® before transferring from the pre-farrowing to farrowing unit can activate natural killer cells, stimulate leukocyte production and lymphocyte proliferation, and decrease the rise in plasma cortisol caused by stress. The investigation comprised 30 one year-old Swedish Landrace gilts in the late phase of gravidity, which were divided into three groups. Group 1 formed a control group, from blood which was taken in the the pre-farrowing unit in order to enable comparison of the results of plasma cortisol with results obtained in the other two groups. In group 2, Baypamun in a dose of 2 ml i/m at days 7 and 5 was applied, and in group 3 at days 3 and 1 prior to transferral from the pre-farrowing to farrowing unit. After gilts in groups 2 and 3 had been transferred four days prior to farrowing, blood was taken from them at days 1, 3 and 5 of their stay in the farrowing unit. Plasma cortisol was analyzed by the radioimmunochemical (RIA) method. The obtained results by groups were compared with each other using one-way analysis of variance. According to the obtained results an average level of plasma cortisol of the gilts in groups 2 and 3 throughout the research was higher than in control group 1. A significant statistical difference (P < 0.05) appeared between control group 1 and group 3 at day 1 of the stay of gilts in the farrowing unit. Therefore, an anti-stress effect of Baypamun occurred between days 1 and 3 of the stay in the farrowing unit, i.e. by the day of farrowing, when the level of plasma cortisol again began to rise due to stress caused by partus.Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je provjeriti može li dvokratno tretiranje nazimica Baypamunom prije premještanja iz čekališta u prasilište aktivirati prirodne stanice ubojice, potaknuti stvaranje leukocita i proliferaciju limfocita te sniziti porast kortizola uzrokovan stresom. Istraživanje je provedeno na 30 jednogodišnjih nazimica pasmine švedski landras u kasnoj fazi gravidnosti podijeljenih u tri skupine. Prva skupina bila je kontrolna. Drugoj skupini nazimica dano je 2 ml Baypamuna im. 7. i 5. dana prije preseljenja iz čekališta u prasilište, a trećoj skupini 3. i 1. dana prije preseljenja. Nakon što su nazimice iz druge i treće skupine preseljene, njima je prvog, trećeg i petog dana boravka u prasilištu izvađena krv. Plazmatični kortizol je određivan radioimunokemijskom (RIA) metodom. Dobiveni podatci međusobno su uspoređeni jednosmjernom analizom varijance. Prosječna razina plazmatičnog kortizola nazimica u drugoj i trećoj skupini bila je veća nego u kontrolnoj skupini. Pri tome je značajne statistička razlika (P < 0.05) ustanovljena prvog dana boravka u prasilištu između kontrolne i treće skupine. Prema dobivenim rezultatima protustresni učinak Baypamuna očitovao se 1. i 3. dana boravka u prasilištu

Preliminarno istraživanje dobrobiti rasplodnih nerasta

The behaviour and housing requirements of mature boars (Sus scrofa) are poorly understood although they may be an important aspect of improving welfare and productivity. Since a definition of relevant behaviours is essential to obtain quantitative information about the housing requirements of mature boars, the aim of this study was to establish the breeding boars’ ethogram and to defifi ne the most relevant behaviours that can be used as welfare measurements. Breeding boars were observed in their enclosures three hours before semen collection. The boars exposed 13 functional behaviours (eating, drinking, defecating, urinating, rooting, scenting, grooming, grunting, social behaviour, elements of social behaviour, watching, stereotypes, motionlessness) and five body positions (lying on the belly, lying on the flank, standing, walking and sitting). The dominant behaviours were motionlessness and eating. The boars’ vocalisations were different in sound and duration. The dominant positions were lying on the flank and belly. Lying was connected with motionlessness and not reacting to environmental changes. In this study, the behavioural repertoire and the presence of stereotypes were not a good approach to evaluate the boars’ welfare. We concluded that it is necessary to have more subtle methods to evaluate how they cope with their environment and suggested that measurement of boars’ welfare could be the frequency of their vigilance, since typically they will be motionless most of the time. Moreover, the duration of pig species specific behaviours, such as rooting and scenting, could be an important measurement in approaching their welfare, because it is poorly exposed in a barren environment and environmental enrichment should stimulate those behaviours. The third possible measure of breading boars’ welfare could be vocalization.Potrebe nerasta (Sus scrofa) u odnosu na smještaj i izražavanje normalnoga vladanja, nisu dostatno istraživane kada se uzme u obzir važnost istih u poboljšanju dobrobiti i proizvodnosti. Budući da je definiranje vladanja pojedinačnoga nerasta ključno za dobivanje kvantitativne informacije o njihovim smještajnim potrebama, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odrediti etogram rasplodnih nerasta i definirati najvažnija ponašanja koja mogu biti mjere dobrobiti. Rasplodni nerasti bili su promatrani u boksovima tri sata prije korištenja za pripust. Nerasti su pokazali 13 funkcionalnih ponašanja (jedenje, pijenje, defeciranje, mokrenje, rovanje, njušenje, timarenje, roktanje, društveno ponašanje, elemente spolnoga ponašanja, promatranje okoline, stereotipije, mirovanje) i pet položaja tijela (ležanje na trbuhu, ležanje na boku, stajanje, hodanje i sjedenje). Dominirala su ponašanja mirovanja i jedenja. Glasanje nerasta razlikovalo se po zvučnosti i trajanju. Dominantni položaji tijela bili su ležanje na boku i trbuhu. Ležanje je bilo povezano s mirovanjem i nereagiranjem na promjene u okolišu. U ovome istraživanju, repertoar prikazanih ponašanja i stereotipije nisu bili dobri u okolišu. U ovome istraživanju, repertoar prikazanih ponašanja i stereotipije nisu bili dobri pokazatelji za procjenu dobrobiti nerasta. Stoga smo zaključili da je prijeko potrebno imati osjetljivije metode za procjenu odnosa nerasta s njihovim neposrednim okolišem, pa budući da nerasti uglavnom miruju, predlažemo da se za mjerenje dobrobiti rabi učestalost njihove aktivnosti. Nadalje, trajanje ponašanja koja su tipična za svinje, kao što su rovanje i njušenje, mogla bi biti ključna za procjenu njihove dobrobiti zbog toga što su rijetko pokazana u osiromašenom okolišu, a obogaćeni okoliš treba ih potaknuti. Treća moguća mjera dobrobiti rasplodnih nerasta moglo bi biti njihovo glasanje

THE BEHAVIOUR OF WEANED PIGS INFECTED WITH ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI STRAIN IN THE FIRST 24 HOURS

Praćeno je vladanie 7 komada odbijene prasadi, križanaca švedskog landrasa x velikog jorkšira, tijekom 24 sata. Sva je prasad bila podrijetlom iz jedne gojidbe, a raspodijeljenaje u dvije skupine - pokusnu i kontrolnu. Prasadi u pokusnoj skupini aplicirano je intragastalno po 10¹⁰ CFU enterotoksigenog soja bakterije Escherichia coli, a kontrolnoj skupini apliciran je samo medij. Prasad je držana u kontroliranim mikroklimatskim uvjetima. Metodom izravnog promatranja praćeni su i bilježeni učestalost i trajanje sljedećih oblika vladanja: jedenje, pijenje, ležanje, stajanje, mokrenje, blaćenje, rovanje, igranje, grizenje predmeta i trčanje. Dobiveni podaci obrađeni su statistički, a značajnost razlike u vladanju između prasadi u pokusnoj i kontrolnoj skupini prikazana je pomoću t-testa. Između pokusne i kontrolne skupine nađene su značajne statističke razlike u učestalosti i trajanju ležanja i stajanja, dok u drugim oblicima vladanja nisu registrirane. Ispoljene razlike moguće je promatrati kao posljedicu procesa pokrenutog aplikacijom enterotoksigenog soja bakterije Escherichia coli, to je potkrijepljeno pojačanom reaktivnošću limfocita te zadebljanjem i umjerenim oštećenjem sluznice tankog crijeva životinja pokusne skupine.The behaviour of 7 weaned piglets, cross-breeds Swedish Landrace x Large White, was monitored. All piglets were provided from a single breed. They were divided into two groups – the experimental and the control group. The piglets in the experimental group received intragastrically 10¹⁰ CFU of an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain, while the control group received pure medium only. The piglets were kept under controlled microclimatic conditions. The frequencies and durations of the following behavioral patterns were monitored and noted down, by the method of direct observation: eating, drinking, lying, standing, urinating, defecating, rooting, playing, biting objects and running. The obtained data were statistically analysed. The behavioral differences between the experimental and the control group were then compared applying the t-test. Significant differences between the experimental and the control group were found in frequency and duration of lying and standing behaviour, while the analysis of the other behavioral patterns didn\u27t reveal any significant differences. The differences in lying and standing behaviour could be attributed to a process initiated by the applied E. coli strain, which is also substantiated by increased lymphocyte reactivity and thickened, moderately damaged small intestine mucosis

THE INTERACTION BETWEEN BIOCLIMATE AND THE MOST FREQUENT TYPES OF PIGLET LOSSES IN FARROWING FACILITIES

U upravljanju proizvodnjom prasadi na velikim farmama i u kooperaciji, praćenje bioklimata u nastambama, dobiva svakim danom sve veći značaj. Provedena su istraživanja na jednoj velikoj svinjogojskoj farmi tijekom godine dana. Praćena je prasad u prasilištima i pokušalo se naći interakciju između pojedinih čimbenika bioklimata i poiave gastrointestinalnog sindroma i pneumonije u odojaka. Utvrđeno je da niske temperature u studenom i prosincu (17,5°C odnosno 17,1°C), slabo strujanje zraka (0,11 ms-1), visoka relativna vlaga (79 % odnosno 77%) uzrokuju visoku učestatost i gubitaka od gastrointestinalnog sindroma (27 odnosno 38 uginulih) i pneumonije (58 odnosno 68 uginulih).In the pig production management, microclimate monitoring of large or cooperative production facilities is gaining every day farms in its importance. During the period of one year research has been accomglished on a large pigbreeding larm. By monitoring piglets in the farrowing units, an attempt was made to establish the interaction between some particular bioclimate factors and the prevalence of gastrointestinal syndrome and pneumonia. We have established that low temperatures in November and December (17.5 °C and 17.1 °C), low air speed (0.11 ms -1 ), and high relative humidity (79 % and 77 %) resulted in high incidence of losses due to the gastrointestinal syndrome (27 and 38 dead pigs) or pneumonia (58 and 68 dead pigs)

Koncentracije kortizola u plazmi nazimica tretiranih imunomodulatorom tijekom rane fazegravidnosti.

The goal of this research was to ascertain if multiple immunomodulation can decrease stress consequences of gilt relocation from the service station to the prefarrowing unit during the early gravidity phase. Three groups of pregnant Swedish Landrace gilts, 8 to 9 months of age, were encompassed by the research. Each group consisted of 30 pregnant gilts, and each researched group was treated differently. The animals in group A were given the immunomodulator intramuscularly in doses of 2 ml (Baypamun®, Bayer Pharma, Leverkusen, Germany) on the 6th, 4th and 2nd days before the relocation from the service station to the prefarrowing unit. It was also administered to the animals in group B intramuscularly in doses of 2 ml on the 5th, 3rd and 1st days before the relocation from the service station to the prefarrowing unit. Group C was not treated. Blood was sampled from the aforementioned gilts on the 2nd, 4th and 6th days, during their stay at the prefarrowing unit. During the research period statistically significant differences in plasma cortisol concentration were established (P<0.01) between the treated (groups A and B) and not-treated groups (group C). The mean plasma cortisol concentration was the lowest in group A, whereat values determined on the 4th and 6th days of stay in the prefarrowing unit were significantly lower in comparison to values in group B (P<0.01). The mean plasma cortisol concentration in group C was higher than the reference values for pigs. In all three gilt groups an increase in plasma cortisol concentration was noted during their stay in the prefarrowing unit, so that mean values on day 6 were significantly lower (P<0.01) in comparison to values determined on the 2nd day of stay in the prefarrowing unit. The aforementioned results demonstrate that immunomodulation alleviates hormonal changes that occur as a response to a stressful situation and refer to the positive effects of immunomodulator after the reduction of stress susceptibility.Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi može li višekratna imunomodulacija smanjiti posljedice stresa zbog preseljenja nazimica iz pripuštališta u čekalište tijekom rane faze gravidnosti. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo tri skupine gravidnih nazimica pasmine švedski landras, u dobi od 8 do 9 mjeseci. Svaka skupina životinja sadržavala je 30 gravidnih nazimica. Tri istraživane skupine nazimica bile su različito obrađivane. Skupini A primijenjen je imunomodulator (Baypamun®) 6, 4 i 2 dana, a skupini B 5, 3 i 1 dan prije preseljenja iz pripuštališta u čekalište. Navedeni imunomodulator dan je intramuskularno u dozi od 2 ml u obje skupine nazimica. Skupina C nije bila obrađivana imunomodulatorom prije preseljenja iz pripuštališta u čekalište. Nazimicama svih navedenih skupina izvađena je krv 2., 4. i 6. dana boravka u čekalištu. U istraživanom razdoblju utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike (P<0,01) u koncentraciji kortizola između imunomodulatorom tretiranih skupina A i B i netretirane skupine C. Prosječne koncentracije kortizola bile su najmanje u skupini A, pri čemu su vrijednosti utvrđene četvrtoga i šestoga dana boravka u čekalištu bile statistički značajno manje u odnosu na skupinu B (P<0,01). Prosječne koncentracije kortizola utvrđene u netretiranoj skupini C bile su veće od referentnog raspona za svinje. U sve tri skupine nazimica zabilježen je pad koncentracije kortizola u krvnoj plazmi tijekom boravka u čekalištu, tako da su prosječne vrijednosti utvrđene šestoga dana boravka u čekalištu bile statistički značajno manje (P<0,01) u odnosu na koncentracije kortizola utvrđene drugoga dana boravka u čekalištu. Navedeni rezultati pokazuju da imunomodulacija ublažava hormonalne promjene nastale kao odgovor na stresna stanja i upućuje na pozitivno djelovanje imunomodulatora u smanjenju stresne osjetljivosti

THE BEHAVIOUR OF WEANED PIGS INFECTED WITH ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI STRAIN IN THE SECOND 24 HOURS

Promatranjem odbijene pokusno zaražene i kontrolne skupine prasadi kroz druga 24 sata, načinjen je dio etograma prema sljededćm odabranim oblicima vladanja: uzimanje hrane, vode, blaćanje, mokrenje, ležanje, stajanje, rovanje, grizenje predmeta i trčanje. Dobiveni rezultati prosječnih učestalosti i trajanja pokusne i kontrolne skupine, dati su kao tabelarni prikaz promatranih oblika vladanja, statistički su obrađeni, a značajnost razlike između promatranih skupina prikazana je pomoću t-testa. Analiza rezultata promatranja druga 24 sata naših istraživanja, pokazala je da između kontrolne i pokusne skupine postoje značajne statističke razlike u učestalosti i trajanju mokrenja i učestalosti blaćenja.By monitoring the experimentally infected and control groups of piglets during the second 24 hours, a part of the ethogram was made, conlaining the following behavioural patterns: eating, drinking, lying, standing, urinating, defecating, rooting, playing, biting objects and running. The obtained average frequency and duration data are presented in a tabular form, statistically analysed, and the behavioural differences between the experimental and the control group are then compared applying the t-test. The analysis result reveals a significant difference between the experimental group and the controls regarding the frequency and duration of the urinating behaviour and the duration of the defecating behaviour

THE BEHAVIOUR OF SOWS ON THE 10th DAY AFTER FARROWING

Uspoređeno je vladanje četiri krmače (veliki jorkšir x landras), smještenih u objektu prasilišta (2000 mm x 1500 mm) s rešetkastim podom, s vladanjem četiri krmače (veliki jorkšir) smještenih u objektu prasilišta (2500 mm x 1750 mm) s punim podom, primjenom podataka dobivenih iz video snimaka. Svaka krmača snimljena je desetoga dana starosti prasadi, u vremenskom trajanju od 6 sati (od 08:00 do 14:00 h). Za vrijeme snimanja u oba prasilišna objekta mjereni su temperatura, relativna vlaga i brzina strujanja zraka. Prema dobivenim rezultatima za mikroklimatske čimbenike u oba objekta, možemo zaključiti da su temperatura i relativna vlaga bili u optimalnim granicama, dok j e brzina strujanja zraka bila iznad dozvoljenih granica za smještaj krmača u prasilištu. Krmače su u oba prasilišna objekta najdužee vremensko razdoblje proboravile u lijevom bočnom i trbušnom ležećem položaju. Krmače smještene u prasilišnom objektu s punim podom provele su duže vremensko razdoblje sjedeći, stojeći i ležeći na trbuhu, od krmača smještenih u prasilišnom objektu s rešetkastim podom. Osim toga, ukupna učestalost promjene položaja bila je dvostruko veća u krmača smještenih u prasilišnom objektu s punim podom u odnosu na krmača u prasilišnom objektu s rešetkastim podom. Prema navedenim rezultatima u oblicima vladanja krmača dolazi do promjena u učestalosti i trajanju navedenih tjelesnih položaja, što je i uvjetovano različitim drugačijim potrebama prasadi s obzirom na dob i fiziloško dozrijevanje.The behaviour of 4 sows (Large White x Landrace), kept in an object with farrowing crates (2000 mm x 1500 mm), on slated floors, was compared to the behaviour of four sows (Big Yorkshire) kept in another object with farrowing crates (2500 x 1750), on a full floor, applying video-traped data. On the 10" day after farrowing, each sow was video-taped, during a 6 hour period (from 08:00 to 14:00 h). During the recording, temperature, relative humidity and draught speed were measured in both objects. According to the measured microclimatic perimeters in both object, the temperature and relative humidity were within the optimal range, while the level of draught was higher than recomended for sows kept in farrowing-sty. Sows kept on full floor spent longer time sitting, standing and laying in stemal posture, than sows kept on frequency, was two times higher in sows kept on a full floor, compared with he sows kept on slated floor. According to the obtained results, regarding the behavioural patterns of sows, we can conclude that a change in the frequency and duration of the mentioned bodily postures occured, which is influenced with the altered needs of piglets, according to their aging and physiological maturation