Land-use and land-cover dynamics monitored by NDVI multitemporal analysis in a selected southern amazonian area (Brazil) for the last three decades

This study aims to analyse the dynamics of land-use and land-cover (LULC) in a selected southern Amazonian area (Brazil),monitoring and distinguishing trajectories in NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) variations for the last three decades. The area, with a total of 17336 km², has been subject to significant LULC changes associated with deforestation progress and use of fire. Considering available Landsat time series, it was selected an image per year from 1984 to 2013 (path/row -231/66), at a particular period of year, atmospherically corrected using LEDAPS tools. NDVIs values were generated for each selected image. Furthermore, the images of 1984 and 2010 still underwent a classification of LULC differentiate five categories: water, forest, secondary/degraded forest, savannah/pasture and crop/bare soil. The trajectories in NDVI variation values were analysed by R software, considering intersections of classified categories. The pixels identified as forests on the images of 1984 and 2010 displayed stable trajectories of NDVI values, with average value 0.824 and coefficient of variation 3.9%. While the pixels of savannah/pasture, which was periodically affected by fire, had an average NDVI value 0.585 and coefficient of variation 15,1%. The main regressive trajectory was the transition “forest to crop/bare soil", identifying 1999 as the starting point in the drop in NDVI values, associated with an increase of the deforested areas. Therefore, the results show distinct trajectories associated with NDVIs and LULC changes that assist in better understanding the dynamics of ecological processes and the human impacts operating in the area

Land-use and land-cover dynamics monitored by NDVI multitemporal analysis in a selected southern Amazonian area (Brazil) for the last three decades

This study aims to analyse the dynamics of land-use and land-cover (LULC) in a selected southern Amazonian area (Brazil), monitoring and distinguishing trajectories in NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) variations for the last three decades. The area, with a total of 17336 km², has been subject to significant LULC changes associated with deforestation progress and use of fire. Considering available Landsat time series, it was selected an image per year from 1984 to 2013 (path/row -231/66), at a particular period of year, atmospherically corrected using LEDAPS tools. NDVIs values were generated for each selected image. Furthermore, the images of 1984 and 2010 still underwent a classification of LULC differentiate five categories: water, forest, secondary/degraded forest, savannah/pasture and crop/bare soil. The trajectories in NDVI variation values were analysed by R software, considering intersections of classified categories. The pixels identified as forests on the images of 1984 and 2010 displayed stable trajectories of NDVI values, with average value 0.824 and coefficient of variation 3.9%. While the pixels of savannah/pasture, which was periodically affected by fire, had an average NDVI value 0.585 and coefficient of variation 15,1%. The main regressive trajectory was the transition “forest to crop/bare soil", identifying 1999 as the starting point in the drop in NDVI values, associated with an increase of the deforested areas. Therefore, the results show distinct trajectories associated with NDVIs and LULC changes that assist in better understanding the dynamics of ecological processes and the human impacts operating in the area

Performance management practices within emerging market multinational enterprises: the case of Brazilian multinationals

This study advances our understanding of HRM within EM-MNEs by examining the extent to, and mechanism by, which Brazilian MNEs standardize or localise their performance management (PM) policies and practices, and the factors that influence their design and implementation. We explored these issues through qualitative case studies of three Brazilian MNEs. The analysis of interview data reveals a strong tendency for Brazilian MNEs to centralise and standardise their PM policies and practices. The key finding of this paper is that PM practices within Brazilian MNEs are not based on indigenous Brazilian practices, but rather, are heavily influenced by global best practices. The findings are at odds with previous research, which suggests that EM-MNEs apply different HR practices in developed country subsidiaries and developing country subsidiaries. Also, contrary to expectations, our results indicate that institutional distance does not have a significant influence on the adaptation of PM practices at subsidiary level

Temperature Dependence of Electric Transport in Few-layer Graphene under Large Charge Doping Induced by Electrochemical Gating

The temperature dependence of electric transport properties of single-layer and few-layer graphene at large charge doping is of great interest both for the study of the scattering processes dominating the conductivity at different temperatures and in view of the theoretically predicted possibility to reach the superconducting state in such extreme conditions. Here we present the results obtained in 3-, 4- and 5-layer graphene devices down to 3.5 K, where a large surface charge density up to about 6.8·1014 cm-2 has been reached by employing a novel polymer electrolyte solution for the electrochemical gating. In contrast with recent results obtained in single-layer graphene, the temperature dependence of the sheet resistance between 20 K and 280 K shows a low-temperature dominance of a T2 component - that can be associated with electron-electron scattering - and, at about 100 K, a crossover to the classic electron-phonon regime. Unexpectedly, this crossover does not show any dependence on the induced charge density, i.e. on the large tuning of the Fermi energy

Temperature Dependence of Electric Transport in Few-layer Graphene under Large Charge Doping Induced by Electrochemical Gating

The temperature dependence of electric transport properties of single-layer and few-layer graphene at large charge doping is of great interest both for the study of the scattering processes dominating the conductivity at different temperatures and in view of the theoretically predicted possibility to reach the superconducting state in such extreme conditions. Here we present the results obtained in 3-, 4- and 5-layer graphene devices down to 3.5 K, where a large surface charge density up to about 6.8x10^14 cm^(-2) has been reached by employing a novel polymer electrolyte solution for the electrochemical gating. In contrast with recent results obtained in single-layer graphene, the temperature dependence of the sheet resistance between 20 K and 280 K shows a low-temperature dominance of a T^2 component - that can be associated with electron-electron scattering - and, at about 100 K, a crossover to the classic electron-phonon regime. Unexpectedly this crossover does not show any dependence on the induced charge density, i.e. on the large tuning of the Fermi energy.Comment: 13 pages, 6 color figure

The Jurisprudential Criticism of Imam Al-Izz Bin Abd Al-Salam in His Book “The Rules of Judgments in the Interests of the People”

Imam al-Izz ibn Abd al-Salam had a place at the top of the pyramid of jurisprudence in general and al-Shafi’i in particular. Senior jurists are of that rank, and the nation is unanimous in their acceptance and acceptance of their jurisprudential product, which cannot be separated from it and that heritage for the sake of renewal or to keep pace with the other. I am talking here about the men of the four recognized schools of jurisprudence. Among those sects was the Shafi’i school of thought, and this study came to shed light on the jurisprudential criticism that the imam dealt with in his well-known and famous book: “The Rules of Judgments in the Interests of People.” This is the jurisprudential criticism that he not only directed to the great jurists of different sects, but also extended his criticism to the jurisprudence school that he adopts and adopts, which is the Shafi’i school. And when those scattered jurisprudential criticisms abounded in this useful book - which I made the focus of research -, and those criticisms were direct and direct to the adherents of the sects from an imam who is attested by everyone who has consideration in the sciences of jurisprudence and its origins, we can through all of this deduce the importance of analyzing and discussing some of them possible in this study. It was through the descriptive inductive method

Divorce Etiquette in the Holy Quran

This study dealt with a social issue, namely (the etiquette of divorce in the Noble Qur’an). The observer in our contemporary conditions finds the ignorance of many people in divorce, its rulings, and its etiquette, and it is an important problem whose social effects have exacerbated, and the disputes transcend the spouses, to include the effects of animosity between the family and the clan. Studying in order to draw from the help of our immortal Lord will not be a guiding light for us, leading us to coexistence in goodness, so that one knows what he has and what duties he owes, and he performs them as he commanded, and there is no way for us to rise except by following this pure source. This study dealt with divorce linguistically and idiomatically, and its types and provisions in the first requirement, and as for the second requirement, it has dealt with (the etiquette of divorce) exclusively in the Holy Qur’an and this is what distinguishes it from what I reckon with monitoring of what was mentioned by some commentators, especially the modern ones among them of etiquette and its cults, with the protest According to the honorable Sunnah of the Prophet, what was needed, in order to complete the picture of those manners