Compatibility of \u3cem\u3eMetarhizium anisopliae\u3c/em\u3e (Metsch.) Sorok. with \u3cem\u3eOcimum sanctum\u3c/em\u3e Linn. (Tulsi) (Lamiaceae) Extracts

The compatibility of Metarhizium anisopliae with Ocimum sanctum was studied in vitro. Leaves, roots, stems and seed extracts of O. sanctum were mixed in a Potato Dextrose Agar and Potato Dextrose Broth. M. anisopliae was inoculated and the mycelial dry weight and spore count were assessed. The behavior of the fungus with the extracts was similar in terms of mycelial dry weight, except for methanol extracts of leaves, ether extracts of roots, water and acetone extracts of seeds and benzene, methanol and acetone extracts of stems which reduced the mycelial dry weight of the fungal colonies. Benzene extract of leaves and methanol extract of roots of O. sanctum were found to be highly compatible with M. anisopliae whereas ether extract of roots and benzene as well as acetone extracts of stem were classified as very toxic. The results of the current study revealed that O. sanctum extracts did not affect the inoculum potential of M. anisopliae in terms of mycelial dry weight and spore count and hence M. anisopliae was compatible with O. sanctum

Toxicity of \u3cem\u3eGynandropsis pentaphylla\u3c/em\u3e DC Extracts Against Microbials and Its Phytochemical Profile

Fresh leaves, roots, stems, seeds and seed pods of Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC were used in extractions with benzene and ether. Fresh extracts were tested against 6 bacteria and 4 fungi using the well diffusion method. Extracts of roots, stems, leaves, seeds and seed pods were screened phytochemically for the presence of secondary metabolites such as tannin, alkaloid, flavones, sugar, phenolic group, essential oil, amino acids and saponin. All the phytochemicals were observed in all the plant part extracts using both ether and benzene. Among the bacterial cultures, Agrobacterium tumefaciens (NCIM 2145) was highly susceptible (28.0±0.3 mm) to both ether and benzene extracts of the leaves of G. pentaphylla. Also A. tumefaciens showed the highest average zone of inhibition for all extracts. Among the fungi, Penicillium notatum (NCIM 747) was highly susceptible (25.0±0.0 mm) to the benzene extracts of G. pentaphylla leaves. The extracts of leaves showed highest activity among all the plant parts. Highest activity index was observed for all extracts against the fungus P. notatum

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Sargassum tenerrimum and its evaluation of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi

1291-1297An important aspect of nanotechnology is the development of a reliable and ecofriendly method for the synthesis of nanomaterials. In the present study, Sargassum tenerrimum extract was used to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by the reduction of AuCl4− ions to Au0. The formation and morphology of the synthesized AuNPs were investigated using \UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The nanoparticles synthesized at 60 °C were spherical in shape while few were also hexagonal in shape with the size ranging between 10 and 40 nm. The antibacterial activity of AuNPs was tested against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Salmonella typhi (ATCC 6539). On examination under an epifluorescence microscope, it was found to cause a significant amount of deterioration to the bacterial cells

Impact of annotation error in α-globin genes on molecular diagnosis.

Recent studies on the variants in duplicated human alpha globin genes (HBA2 and HBA1) actively target the α-globin gene as molecular modulators for the treatment of β-thalassemia major. Identification of the exact position of variant in HBA1, HBA2 or its patchworks is mandatory to support the therapeutic aims in β-thalassemia major, by identifying specific modulators for the reactivation of fetal hemoglobin production. Hence, accurate identification of the variants in α-globin genes is crucial for the proper diagnosis, treatment and genetic counseling.The objective was to reveal the annotation errors produced in α-globin gene sequence analysis while using different analytic tools. An HBA2 gene sequence with the HBA2:c.95+2_95+6delTGAGG variant and a recently reported HBA12 gene convert have been taken as examples to prove annotation error in α-globin gene from different analytic tools.Although various bioinformatics tools used to predict variants are usually of high reliability, the current study using the an alpha globin 2 sequence with the HBA2:c.95+2_95+6delTGAGG variant and a recently reported HBA12 gene convert, has showcased ambiguous outputs among the three bioinformatics tools used and against the manual analytical method adopted.This report emphasizes the necessity for caution in the usage of DNA sequence analysis tools during molecular diagnosis and the importance of the selection of more appropriate tools for analysis. Furthermore, ethnic specific sequences should be considered as reference sequence for the analysis to bypass sequence dissimilarities among diverse populations

In-Silico Computing of the Most Deleterious nsSNPs in HBA1 Gene.

BACKGROUND:α-Thalassemia (α-thal) is a genetic disorder caused by the substitution of single amino acid or large deletions in the HBA1 and/or HBA2 genes. METHOD:Using modern bioinformatics tools as a systematic in-silico approach to predict the deleterious SNPs in the HBA1 gene and its significant pathogenic impact on the functions and structure of HBA1 protein was predicted. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:A total of 389 SNPs in HBA1 were retrieved from dbSNP database, which includes: 201 non-coding synonymous (nsSNPs), 43 human active SNPs, 16 intronic SNPs, 11 mRNA 3' UTR SNPs, 9 coding synonymous SNPs, 9 5' UTR SNPs and other types. Structural homology-based method (PolyPhen) and sequence homology-based tool (SIFT), SNPs&Go, PROVEAN and PANTHER revealed that 2.4% of the nsSNPs are pathogenic. CONCLUSIONS:A total of 5 nsSNPs (G60V, K17M, K17T, L92F and W15R) were predicted to be responsible for the structural and functional modifications of HBA1 protein. It is evident from the deep comprehensive in-silico analysis that, two nsSNPs such as G60V and W15R in HBA1 are highly deleterious. These "2 pathogenic nsSNPs" can be considered for wet-lab confirmatory analysis