References

The following list of references includes works that are often cited in intensification studies. Most references are in English or in French but some studies on other languages such a German, Portuguese or Modern Greek have also been included. This bibliography is by no means an exhaustive list. The following works or articles are merely suggested readings and other relevant studies may be added

Le degré de grammaticalisation de HAVE : application d’une méthodologie développée par Joan Bybee et William Pagliuca

Cet article traite de l’évolution syntaxique, morphologique, sémantique et phonologique de HAVE. Après un bref rappel des principaux mécanismes de la grammaticalisation, et des différentes réalisations fonctionnelles de HAVE, cette étude s’efforce de déterminer le degré de grammaticalisation qu’a atteint HAVE selon ses emplois, en prenant appui sur un corpus écrit et oral. Les éléments méthodologiques qui permettent d’établir le degré de grammaticalisation ont été empruntés à J. Bybee, W. Pagliuca et R. D. Perkins [1991]. Cette étude tente de montrer dans quelle mesure les diverses réalisations phonologiques de HAVE sont révélatrices d’un degré de grammaticalisation plus ou moins avancé et comment la phonologie influence le processus.In this paper, I study the syntactic, morphological, semantic and phonological realizations of HAVE. After a brief reminder of the main principles at work in a grammaticalization process, and having examined the various functional realizations of HAVE, I try to determine its degree of grammaticalization depending on its various uses. The study is based on the analysis of a written corpus and its oral equivalent. In order to establish the various stages of grammaticalization, I borrow the methodology from J. Bybee, W. Pagliuca and R. D. Perkins [1991]. My goal is to show to what extent phonological realizations reveal a higher or lesser degree of grammaticalization and how phonology influences the process

Laure Lansari, Linguistique contrastive et traduction. Les périphrases verbales aller + infinitif et be going to

L’ouvrage s’ouvre sur une introduction de quatre pages dans laquelle l’auteur présente les raisons qui l’ont conduite à mener cette étude contrastive sur aller + infinitif et be going to en français et en anglais contemporains. Elle revient sur la « comparatibilité » des deux formes qui en a motivé le rapprochement et note une « convergence formelle » (p. 1). En effet, les deux formes périphrastiques se fondent sur un même processus de métaphorisation qui conduit un verbe dénotant initialemen..

Introduction

The notion of “intensity” is closely linked to the expression of degree. Building on Bordet [2014], among others, the expression of intensity may even be regarded as a subtype of the expression of degree, in that it enhances, strengthens or scales upward a quality of the element that is intensified. However, there is one main differentiating feature that needs to be taken into account when dealing with the notions of “intensity” and “degree”. Contrary to the expression of “degree”, which seem..

DMTs and Covid-19 severity in MS: a pooled analysis from Italy and France

We evaluated the effect of DMTs on Covid-19 severity in patients with MS, with a pooled-analysis of two large cohorts from Italy and France. The association of baseline characteristics and DMTs with Covid-19 severity was assessed by multivariate ordinal-logistic models and pooled by a fixed-effect meta-analysis. 1066 patients with MS from Italy and 721 from France were included. In the multivariate model, anti-CD20 therapies were significantly associated (OR = 2.05, 95%CI = 1.39–3.02, p < 0.001) with Covid-19 severity, whereas interferon indicated a decreased risk (OR = 0.42, 95%CI = 0.18–0.99, p = 0.047). This pooled-analysis confirms an increased risk of severe Covid-19 in patients on anti-CD20 therapies and supports the protective role of interferon

Intensification in English : between grammar and lexis

L’expression de l’« intensification » en anglais a peu été abordée par la communauté linguistique. Les études qui ont été menées se limitent aux adverbes intensifieurs et classent ces derniers parmi les procédés morphosyntaxiques. Il semble toutefois que les adverbes intensifieurs se situent à l’interface du lexical et du grammatical et sont soumis à un renouvellement constant. Ce travail se propose dans un premier temps d’établir une nouvelle typologie des procédés d’intensification en tenant compte des zones de chevauchement qui existent entre les divers procédés. Dans un second temps, le cas particulier des adverbes intensifieurs est abordé à l’aune de la grammaticalisation et de la lexicalisation. Finalement, ce travail conclut par une étude de l’évolution diachronique des adverbes intensifieurs afin de mettre au jour les mécanismes du processus de renouvellement langagier.The expression of intensification has hardly been tackled by the linguistic community over the years. The research that has been conducted so far is usually restricted to intensifying adverbs, which are generally considered as morphosyntactic processes. Intensifying adverbs, also referred to as “intensifiers”, are submitted to constant renewal. However, intensifiers appear to be at the junction of grammar and lexis. First, a new typology of the processes used to express intensification will be put forward. The fact that the various processes often overlap will be taken into account. The specific case of intensifiers will then be dealt with in the light of grammaticalization and lexicalization, two processes which seem to be at work in the evolution of intensifiers. Lastly, a corpus-based study will look into the diachronic evolution of intensifiers in order to unveil the mechanisms of renewal and language change

Analyse multimodale des marques d’intensification dans la représentation des états internes : le cas de l’anglais

International audience"Rappelons l'importance des marqueurs et indices vocaux et mimo-gestuels, ce qui conforte les linguistes dans l'idée du caractère « périphérique » (par rapport à leur objet propre) des phénomènes émotionnels ; et pour ce qui est du matériel linguistique à proprement parler, concluons à la fantastique diversité des moyens que peut investir le langage émotionnel, puisque tout mot, toute construction peuvent venir en contexte se charger d'une connotation affective […]. Ainsi at on le sentiment que les émotions sont à la fois dans le langage partout, et nulle part. » (C. Kerbrat-Orecchioni [2000 : 57)] 2) I use the term intensifier for any device that scales a quality, whether up or down or somewhere between the two. (D. Bolinger [1972 : 17]) 3) Intensive elements are frequently used as vehicles for emotion, emotion which the speaker feels at the moment and emotion which the speaker elicits from his listeners. […] Intensification is nurtured by a natural human tendency to exaggerate. Under the influence of strong feelings or emotions, one searches for words strong enough to communicate his feelings and often settles on words which may be stronger than a literal description of the situation would demand. His listeners recognize the fact that he is simply attempting to be emphatic, and they realize that the forceful words are to be taken in an intensive rather than literal sense. (E. Benzinger [1971 : 8-9]) 4) […] [the] use of taboo language is cathartic-the blurting out of damn, hell, shit, fuck or bugger, in moments of sudden pain or frustration, or regret. If you ask people why they do it, they'll say that it "releases tension" or helps the "let off steam". (S. Pinker [2008 : 364]) 5) 'emotions as elements of personal interior life' vs. 'emotional manifestations in interaction, independent of whether the participants feel the manifested emotions' (R. Fiehler [2002 : 81]) 6) Conan O'Brien: 'Does it look ridiculous? Does it really look ridiculous?' And I said, yeah, it looks ridic-and he went 'good! Do you really look stupid riding it?' and I said 'yeah, I'm gonna look really stupid', and he's like 'well then, that's good then'. 7) The face is one of the primary sites of emotional expressions; the voice is the other. I believe posture, the positioning of the head and body, is also recruited into the signal of some emotions. (P. Ekman [2004 : 46]) 8) Most often, the topic of verbal communication will be something other than emotion, but besides and at the same time people communicate emotions by the manner in which they communicate about the topic. (R. Fiehler [2002 : 86]) 9) Invité 1 : He was an amazingly kind and generous person. 10) Invité 2 : As, as, as funny as he was, he's truly one of the all time greats. Err, he was even better as a person. He, he was more fantastic as, he was just the loveliest, sweetest one of the kindest guys, errr… that I've ever worked with. Such a, just such a soft, warm, emotionally sweet guy, and, and it's a major, major loss for, for everybody. 11) Conan O'Brien : and it felt appropriate just to take a moment here and talk about this ABSsolutely incredible man. 12) Conan O'Brien : …such a fantastically funny guy and everybody knows that side of him. 13) Conan O'Brien : What I think a lot of people don't know and you're starting to hear all of these stories come out now, is how crazily generous (…) he was so generous, such a nice person

Le degré de grammaticalisation de HAVE : application d’une méthodologie développée par Joan Bybee et William Pagliuca

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En quoi la notion de degré diffère-t-elle de la notion d'intensification ? Le cas des adverbes intensifieurs

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