Польска школа верхової їзди

The aim of the research was to recreate the processes determining the development of the concept of the Polish horse riding school. In the implementation of the previously adopted scheme, there were used methods in the field of historical and pedagogical science. As a result of the query, a lot of the material was obtained at the Central Military Archives in Warsaw and the Sports Museum in Olsztyn. It should be emphasized that the use of horses in the Republic of Poland has centuries of tradition. Yet in the 18th century, Polish horse riding school dominated in Europe. However, due to the subsequent partitions and the loss of independence, there were no conditions for further improvement of the equestrian art system. The next opportunity did not appear until 1918, when Poles created the foundation of statehood. Therefore, shortly thereafter, three military horse riding schools were established for the needs of the reviving weapon. They were dominated by the old classical-manege system, cultivated by senior officers from the former Armed Forces of Austria-Hungary. The new trends were initiated in the ranks of cavalry due to soldiers who had previously served in the army of the Russian partitioner. The results of the carried out research enabled to formulate the conclusion that allows to state that the clash of views among the officers resulted in the development of the principles of the Polish horse riding school. It was a combination of the Italian system and extensive experience of the former manege school.  It was developed by horse riding instructors at the Cavalry Training Center in Grudziądz. Thanks to that, Polish horsemanship in the inter-war period was included in the world leaders.Цель исследования – воспроизвести процессы, определяющие развитие концепции польской школы верховой езды. При реализации ранее принятой схемы использовались методы в области историко-педагогической науки. По результатам запроса много материалов получено в Центральном военном архиве в Варшаве и в Музее спорта в Ольштыне. Следует подчеркнуть, что использование лошадей в Республике Польша имеет многовековую традицию. Еще в ХVІІІ в. в Европе работала польская школа верховой езды. Однако через разделы и потерю независимости не было условий для дальнейшего совершенствования системы конного искусства. Следующая возможность появилась до 1918 г., когда поляки создали фундамент государственности. Поэтому вскоре после этого сформировались три военные школы верховой езды для нужд возрождения оружия. В них царила старая классическая Манежная система, которую культивировали старшие офицеры бывших Вооруженных сил Австро-Венгрии. Новые тенденции начались в рядах конницы, благодаря солдатам, которые ранее служили в армии российского партизана. Результаты проведенного исследования позволили сформулировать вывод: столкновение взглядов среди офицеров привело к разработке принципов польской школы верховой езды. Это было сочетанием итальянской системы и большим опытом бывшей школы манежа. Он разработан инструк- торами верховой езды в учебном центре кавалерии в Грудзодзе. Благодаря этому, польское коневодство в межвоенный период включено в мировые лидеры.Мета дослідження – відтворити процеси, що визначають розвиток концепції польської школи верхової їзди. Під час реалізації раніше прийнятої схеми застосовували методи в галузі історико-педагогічної науки. За результатами запиту багато матеріалів отримано в Центральному військовому архіві у Варшаві та в Музеї спорту в Ольштині. Потрібно підкреслити, що використання коней у Республіці Польща має багатовікову традицію. Ще у ХVІІІ ст. в Європі панувала польська школа верхової їзди. Однак через наступні розділи та втрату незалежності не було умов для подальшого вдосконалення системи кінного мистецтва. Наступна можливість з’явилася до 1918 р., коли поляки заклали фундамент державності. Тому незабаром після цього створено три військові школи верхо- вої їзди для потреб відроджувальної зброї. У них панувала стара класична манежна система, яку культивували старші офіцери колишніх Збройних сил Австро-Угорщини. Нові тенденції започатковано в лавах кінноти завдяки солдатам, котрі раніше служили в армії російського партизана. Результати проведеного дослідження дали підставу сформулювати висновок, який сприяє констатації, що зіткнення поглядів серед офіцерів призвело до розробки принципів польської школи верхової їзди. Це стало поєднанням італійської системи й великим досвідом колишньої школи манежу. Він розроблений інструкторами з верхової їзди в навчальному центрі кавалерії в Грудзодзь. Завдяки цьому польське конярство в міжвоєнний період включено до світових лідерів

Polish Horse-Riding School

The aim of the research was to recreate the processes determining the development of the concept of the Polish horse riding school. In the implementation of the previously adopted scheme, there were used methods in the field of historical and pedagogical science. As a result of the query, a lot of the material was obtained at the Central Military Archives in Warsaw and the Sports Museum in Olsztyn. It should be emphasized that the use of horses in the Republic of Poland has centuries of tradition. Yet in the 18th century, Polish horse riding school dominated in Europe. However, due to the subsequent partitions and the loss of independence, there were no conditions for further improvement of the equestrian art system. The next opportunity did not appear until 1918, when Poles created the foundation of statehood. Therefore, shortly thereafter, three military horse riding schools were established for the needs of the reviving weapon. They were dominated by the old classical-manege system, cultivated by senior officers from the former Armed Forces of Austria-Hungary. The new trends were initiated in the ranks of cavalry due to soldiers who had previously served in the army of the Russian partitioner. The results of the carried out research enabled to formulate the conclusion that allows to state that the clash of views among the officers resulted in the development of the principles of the Polish horse riding school. It was a combination of the Italian system and extensive experience of the former manege school.  It was developed by horse riding instructors at the Cavalry Training Center in Grudziądz. Thanks to that, Polish horsemanship in the inter-war period was included in the world leaders

Sauna-Induced Body Mass Loss in Young Sedentary Women and Men

The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and body mass loss (BML) induced by thermal stress in a dry sauna. The study was conducted on a group of 674 sedentary students, 326 women and 348 men aged 19-20. The correlations between BMI scores and BML were determined. The subjects were placed in supine position in a dry sauna for two sessions of 10 minutes each with a 5-minute break. The influence of BMI on the amount of BML in the sauna was determined by nonlinear stepwise regression. The smallest BML was noted in underweight subjects; students with normal weight lost more weight, whereas the greatest BML was reported in overweight and obese subjects. Persons with a high BMI are at higher risk of dehydration, and they should pay particular attention to replenishing fluids during a visit to the sauna. The proposed equations for calculating BML based on a person's BMI can be useful in estimating the amount of fluids that should be replenished by both men and women during a visit to a dry sauna

Analiza składu ciała osób regularnie korzystających z kąpieli w zimnej wodzie oraz osób niekorzystających z tej formy rekreacji

Introduction: Winter swimming is a form of physical recreation that involves bathing in cold water during winter. The aim of the study was to analyse the body composition in people who regularly take baths in ice-cold water.Material and methods: The study included 20 men. Half of them (mean age 27.7 ± 7.1 years) were regularly taking baths in cold water (winter swimmers) at least for a year, while the rest (mean age 27.0 ± 4.0 years) had never performed such a treatment (controls). In each subject, a body composition profile was evaluated, including: body mass index (BMI), body mass (BM kg), body fat percentage (BF%), fat mass (FM kg), fat-free mass (FFM kg), the fat mass-to-fat-free mass ratio (FM/FFM%), total body water (TBW% and TBW kg) and muscle mass (MM% and MM kg). The measurements were taken using the body composition analyser Tanita - BC 418 MA, which employed the BIA (Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis) method, and via anthropometric measurements.Results: The BMI value among the winter swimmers was significantly higher than among people not practising winter swimming. Moreover, in the winter swimmers, higher BF % and FM/FFM% ratio values, as well as a lower MM% value were found, as compared with the controls.Conclusions: The obtained results suggest that the choice of bathing in cold water as a form of recreation may depend on the content of the adipose tissue. The tissue constitutes an insulating layer which efficiently protects overweight people from an excessive heat loss.Wstęp: Morsowanie stanowi formę rekreacji ruchowej, która polega na korzystaniu z kąpieli w zimnych akwenach wodnych w okresie zimowym. Celem pracy była analiza składu ciała u osób regularnie zażywających lodowatych kąpieli.Materiał i metody: Badaniami objęto 20 mężczyzn, z których połowa (śr. wieku 27,7 ± 7,1 lat) co najmniej od roku regularnie korzystała z zimnych kąpieli (morsy), podczas gdy pozostali (śr. wieku 27,0 ± 4,0 lat) nigdy nie stosowali tego typu zabiegów (kontrola). U każdego z badanych oznaczono skład ciała: indeks masy ciała (BMI), masę ciała (BM kg), procentową zawartość tkanki tłuszczowej w organizmie (BF%), masę tkanki tłuszczowej (FM kg), beztłuszczową masę ciała (FFM kg), stosunek masy tkanki tłuszczowej do beztłuszczowej masy ciała wyrażony w procentach (FM/FFM%), całkowitą zawartość wody w organizmie (TBW kg i TBW%) oraz masę i procentową zawartość tkanki mięśniowej (MM kg i MM%). Wyniki uzyskano przy użyciu analizatora składu ciała Tanita - BC 418 MA, w oparciu o metodę BIA (analizę impedancji bioelektrycznej) oraz wykonując pomiary antropometryczne.Wyniki: Wartość BMI w grupie morsów była istotnie statystycznie wyższa niż u osób niepraktykujących zimowych kąpieli. U morsów zauważono ponadto wyższą niż w grupie kontrolnej wartość BF% oraz stosunek FM/FFM% oraz wyższą wartość MM%.Wnioski: Uzyskane w niniejszej pracy wyniki pozwalają przypuszczać, że o wyborze kąpieli w zimnej wodzie, jako formie rekreacji może decydować zawartość tkanki tłuszczowej. Tkanka ta stanowi warstwę izolującą, skutecznie chroniącą osoby z nadwagą przed nadmierną utratą ciepła i wychłodzeniem

Body Composition Analysis in Regular Winter Swimmers and People Who do Not Use this Form of Recreation

Introduction: Winter swimming is a form of physical recreation that involves bathing in cold water during winter. The aim of the study was to analyse the body composition in people who regularly take baths in ice-cold water. Material and methods: The study included 20 men. Half of them (mean age 27.7 ± 7.1 years) were regularly taking baths in cold water (winter swimmers) at least for a year, while the rest (mean age 27.0 ± 4.0 years) had never performed such a treatment (controls). In each subject, a body composition profile was evaluated, including: body mass index (BMI), body mass (BM kg), body fat percentage (BF%), fat mass (FM kg), fat-free mass (FFM kg), the fat mass-to-fat-free mass ratio (FM/FFM%), total body water (TBW% and TBW kg) and muscle mass (MM% and MM kg). The measurements were taken using the body composition analyser Tanita - BC 418 MA, which employed the BIA (Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis) method, and via anthropometric measurements. Results: The BMI value among the winter swimmers was significantly higher than among people not practising winter swimming. Moreover, in the winter swimmers, higher BF % and FM/FFM% ratio values, as well as a lower MM% value were found, as compared with the controls. Conclusions: The obtained results suggest that the choice of bathing in cold water as a form of recreation may depend on the content of the adipose tissue. The tissue constitutes an insulating layer which efficiently protects overweight people from an excessive heat loss.Wstęp: Morsowanie stanowi formę rekreacji ruchowej, która polega na korzystaniu z kąpieli w zimnych akwenach wodnych w okresie zimowym. Celem pracy była analiza składu ciała u osób regularnie zażywających lodowatych kąpieli. Materiał i metody: Badaniami objęto 20 mężczyzn, z których połowa (śr. wieku 27,7 ± 7,1 lat) co najmniej od roku regularnie korzystała z zimnych kąpieli (morsy), podczas gdy pozostali (śr. wieku 27,0 ± 4,0 lat) nigdy nie stosowali tego typu zabiegów (kontrola). U każdego z badanych oznaczono skład ciała: indeks masy ciała (BMI), masę ciała (BM kg), procentową zawartość tkanki tłuszczowej w organizmie (BF%), masę tkanki tłuszczowej (FM kg), beztłuszczową masę ciała (FFM kg), stosunek masy tkanki tłuszczowej do beztłuszczowej masy ciała wyrażony w procentach (FM/FFM%), całkowitą zawartość wody w organizmie (TBW kg i TBW%) oraz masę i procentową zawartość tkanki mięśniowej (MM kg i MM%). Wyniki uzyskano przy użyciu analizatora składu ciała Tanita - BC 418 MA, w oparciu o metodę BIA (analizę impedancji bioelektrycznej) oraz wykonując pomiary antropometryczne. Wyniki: Wartość BMI w grupie morsów była istotnie statystycznie wyższa niż u osób niepraktykujących zimowych kąpieli. U morsów zauważono ponadto wyższą niż w grupie kontrolnej wartość BF% oraz stosunek FM/FFM% oraz wyższą wartość MM%. Wnioski: Uzyskane w niniejszej pracy wyniki pozwalają przypuszczać, że o wyborze kąpieli w zimnej wodzie, jako formie rekreacji może decydować zawartość tkanki tłuszczowej. Tkanka ta stanowi warstwę izolującą, skutecznie chroniącą osoby z nadwagą przed nadmierną utratą ciepła i wychłodzeniem

Polish Horse-Riding School

The aim of the research was to recreate the processes determining the development of the concept of the Polish horse riding school. In the implementation of the previously adopted scheme, there were used methods in the field of historical and pedagogical science. As a result of the query, a lot of the material was obtained at the Central Military Archives in Warsaw and the Sports Museum in Olsztyn. It should be emphasized that the use of horses in the Republic of Poland has centuries of tradition. Yet in the 18th century, Polish horse riding school dominated in Europe. However, due to the subsequent partitions and the loss of independence, there were no conditions for further improvement of the equestrian art system. The next opportunity did not appear until 1918, when Poles created the foundation of statehood. Therefore, shortly thereafter, three military horse riding schools were established for the needs of the reviving weapon. They were dominated by the old classical-manege system, cultivated by senior officers from the former Armed Forces of Austria-Hungary. The new trends were initiated in the ranks of cavalry due to soldiers who had previously served in the army of the Russian partitioner. The results of the carried out research enabled to formulate the conclusion that allows to state that the clash of views among the officers resulted in the development of the principles of the Polish horse riding school. It was a combination of the Italian system and extensive experience of the former manege school.  It was developed by horse riding instructors at the Cavalry Training Center in Grudziądz. Thanks to that, Polish horsemanship in the inter-war period was included in the world leaders

Dynamics of comprehensive physical fitness in artistic gymnasts aged 7-10 years

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the somatic development and comprehensive physical fitness of artistic gymnasts aged 7-10 years. Materials and methods: Gymnasts (n = 307), split up into four age groups performed eight Eurofit tests. The results were evaluated in points according to the development standards prepared in scale T for the Polish girls population. Results : The gymnasts obtained the highest growth rate in balance test - FLB (13 points), arm and shoulder muscular endurance test - BAH (7 points) and speed of the upper limb movement test - PLT (4 points) out of eight physical fitness tests. Conclusions. High and very high level of performance in the six Eurofit tests and increased total number of points in the subsequent age groups of artistic gymnasts proved high effectiveness of training in shaping the key components of a comprehensive physical fitness in artistic gymnastics - balance, strength, endurance, speed and flexibility. Relatively little progress in isometric hand strength (HGR) and standing broad jump (SBJ) suggests a significant influence of genetic factors on the level of these abilities. The results provide an objective information useful in optimizing control system of training effects in comprehensive physical fitness and optimization of artistic gymnasts training at the comprehensive stage of sports training

Hipika - ujeżdżanie rekreacyjne i sportowe. Tradycje województwa olsztyńskiego (1945-1975)

Horse riding movement in Olsztyn voivodeship was initiated by soldiers of Border Protection Troops. Further development took already place in undertaking breeding bussines pedigree breeding centers. Workplace sections were initiated there which with the support of the heads of studs and stallion stations obtained cooperation at the level of sports. However, the official pioneering equestrian competitions were held only in 1951 in Braniewo. The first contest was demonstration of dressage. This competition is widely regarded as the most important in horsemanship, while jumping over obstacles enjoys much greater popularity. Dressage in Warmia and Masuria, due to the lack of tradition and training staff, was practiced by few riders. That is why successes in the national arena appeared only in 1964. Originating from LZS Liski, brothers Antoni, Tomasz and Piotr Pacyńscy and Olympian, Stefan Grodzicki were dominating in the following years

Physical culture of Polish minority in East Prussia

Background. Due to Friedrich Ludwig Jahn’s gymnastic movement founded in 1811, physical culture in Germany, including East Prussia was widely promoted. Numerous sports fields popularized the values of physical activity among young people. Many other sports disciplines later emerged from the gymnastic movement. Material and methods. The research questions concerned the processes of development of physical culture in Warmia and Mazury in the time of East Prussia and the importance of the remaining sports facilities built by the German population for the development of the sports movement after World War II when the area had become Polish territory. Conclusions. Due to the research results, it is possible to conclude that the sporting traditions of Warmia and Mazury – with the support of few Warmians, Mazurians and a handful of German ancestry citizens – were continued mainly by Polish settlers and repatriates after the end of military actions. There were only the defunct sports facilities that survived the war