6 research outputs found

    COVID-19, Livestock Systems and Food Security in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review of an Emerging Literature

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    In this paper, we carried out a systematic literature review to document the emerging scientific knowledge about COVID-19 impact on livestock systems and food security in developing countries to identify gaps and possible avenues for future research undertakings. Specifically, we systematically reviewed 68 peer-reviewed articles extracted based on rigorous selection criteria from Scopus, PubMed and ISI Web of Science databases and published between December 2019 and February 2021. Our results reveal that livestock supply chains presented an important 'intermediary' pathway through which the pandemic affected various dimensions of food security in developing countries. Although the research response has been rapid in terms of both quantity and temporal succession, we find a highly suggestive disjunction in studies analyzing the interconnections between COVID-19 pandemic, livestock systems and food security in developing countries. With respect to the livestock supply chain, the bulk of the reviewed evidence focuses on production and consumption, whereas considerably less focus is given to the pandemic's impact on intermediaries within livestock chains, including traders, intermediaries and processors. The analysis of livestock supply chain resilience revolves predominantly around the 'absorbance' and 'recovery' phases of resilience, whereas only a small subset of the literature investigates actions taken by supply chain actors to 'plan' or to 'adapt' livestock systems in order to reduce their vulnerability and enhance their overall resilience. Furthermore, food security has often been narrowly defined, with the majority of articles focusing on 'availability' and 'accessibility' to food due to the pandemic, and other dimensions of food security, including utilization, stability and sustainability, have been widely neglected. Based on our findings, we recommend future research to examine the dynamics of propagation of COVID-19 impact through livestock supply chains in order to develop more targeted interventions that enhance the capacity of developing countries to cope with this and future disruptions and mitigate their food insecurity outcomes. To this end, more holistic, integrated and resilience-based approaches are much recommended to recognize the complex nature of livestock systems in developing countries and to address the multifaceted and widespread effects of COVID-19 on food security channeled through livestock chains

    Leptospira seroprevalence and associated risk factors in healthy Swedish dogs

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    Background Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonotic infection worldwide and a cause of life-threatening disease in dogs. Seroprevalence in Swedish dogs is unknown. The aims of the present study were to estimate seroprevalence of pathogenic Leptospira in healthy dogs in Sweden using the microagglutination test (MAT) and a rapid point-of-care enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and to evaluate risk factors of Leptospira exposure in Swedish dogs. Results Positive MAT titres (>= 1:50) were detected in 27/369 (7.3%) of included dogs. Five different serovars were represented of which the Saxkoebing serovar was the most common (64.3%), followed by Copenhagi (14.3%), Bratislava (10.7%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (7.1%), and Canicola (3.6%). The ELISA test (SNAP (R) Lepto) was positive in 3/316 (0.9%) dogs. Living in urban areas and contact with stagnant water were found to be risk factors for Leptospira seropositivity (p < 0.05) in a multivariable logistic regression model. Conclusion In this first seroprevalence study of Leptospira in Swedish dogs, it was shown that healthy dogs without recent (24 months) travel history and antileptospira vaccination had been exposed to pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovars. Contact with stagnant water and living in urban areas were independent risk factors for seropositivity

    Occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in Swedish calves, common sequence types and antibiotic resistance patterns

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    Aims Cattle are the second most important cause of human campylobacteriosis, after poultry, but there are knowledge gaps regarding Campylobacter in cattle. This study examined the occurrence of Campylobacter, the species present, sequence types and antibiotic resistance in Swedish cattle.Methods and Results Faeces samples collected from 154 calves on seven Swedish farms, and 69 follow-up samples from a second collection occasion, were analysed. Campylobacter were isolated from 77% of calves at the first sampling, with Campylobacter jejuni as the most frequently isolated species. Animals kept on deep straw bedding were less likely to be colonized with Campylobacter. Whole-genome sequencing of 90 C. jejuni samples resulted in 11 sequence types, among which ST-19 and ST-21 were most frequent. Antimicrobial resistance analyses showed that 46% of 142 isolates analysed were resistant to quinolones, while all isolates belonging to ST-19, ST-22 and ST-441 were resistant to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid.Conclusions Campylobacter jejuni was the species most frequently isolated in calves and a strong association was found between sequence type and antimicrobial resistance pattern.Significance and Impact of the Study The high proportion of calves with quinolone-resistant Campylobacter jejuni should be considered in a One Health perspective

    Screening of intact yeasts and cell extracts to reduce Scrapie prions during biotransformation of food waste

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    Yeasts can be used to convert organic food wastes to protein-rich animal feed in order to recapture nutrients. However, the reuse of animal-derived waste poses a risk for the transmission of infectious prions that can cause neurodegeneration and fatality in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of yeasts to reduce prion activity during the biotransformation of waste substrates—thereby becoming a biosafety hurdle in such a circular food system. During pre-screening, 30 yeast isolates were spiked with Classical Scrapie prions and incubated for 72 h in casein substrate, as a waste substitute. Based on reduced Scrapie seeding activity, waste biotransformation and protease activities, intact cells and cell extracts of 10 yeasts were further tested. Prion analysis showed that five yeast species reduced Scrapie seeding activity by approximately 1 log10 or 90%. Cryptococcus laurentii showed the most potential to reduce prion activity since both intact and extracted cells reduced Scrapie by 1 log10 and achieved the highest protease activity. These results show that select forms of yeast can act as a prion hurdle during the biotransformation of waste. However, the limited ability of yeasts to reduce prion activity warrants caution as a sole barrier to transmission as higher log reductions are needed before using waste-cultured yeast in circular food systems

    Är imagen av ABB en spegelbild av företagets identitet? : En jĂ€mförande studie om en kunds varumĂ€rkesimage och ABB:s identitet  

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    För att skapa och upprÀtthÄlla ett starkt varumÀrke Àr det viktigt att strÀva efter en sÄ stor överensstÀmmelse som möjligt mellan dess identitet och image. Det betyder samtidigt att det Àr viktigt att regelbundet undersöka likheter och skillnader mellan dem. Denna magisteruppsats syftar till att utreda överensstÀmmelsen mellan kundernas image av varumÀrket ABB och företagets identitet. PÄ sÄ sÀtt har vi analyserat likheter och skillnader mellan hur ABB beskriver sig sjÀlva och hur kunderna i undersökningen uppfattar dem. För att sÀtta in lÀsaren i undersökningsomrÄdet har vi anvÀnt teorier kring vad som utmÀrker ett starkt varumÀrke samt varumÀrkesbyggande för business to business marknader. Teorin innehÄller vidare en beskrivning av begreppen identitet och image samt gapet som kan uppstÄ dÀremellan. Genom att intervjua ABB:s informationsdirektör och marknadschefen för enheten Svensk FörsÀljning kunde vi beskriva varumÀrkets identitet. Urvalet grundade sig pÄ personernas goda insyn och erfarenhet i undersökningsomrÄdet. VarumÀrkets image undersöktes genom intervjuer med personer med olika befattningar och ansvarsomrÄden pÄ Vattenfall som varit kund till ABB under flera Är. Genom att enbart fokusera pÄ ett företag kunde vi fÄ en djupare förstÄelse för uppfattningarna inom ett specifikt företag, men Àven hur de kan skilja sig Ät kunderna emellan. Det lÄnga och nÀra samarbetet mellan parterna kunde vidare bidra till en mer kritisk men samtidigt tydligare uppfattning om varumÀrket. Undersökningen visar att det finns bÄde likheter och skillnader mellan ABB:s identitet och image, vilket tyder pÄ att det inte finns en enhetlig bild av varumÀrket bland de intervjuade kunderna. Att kundernas varumÀrkesimage till stor del baseras pÄ andra vÀrden Àn det som ABB kommunicerar ut kan förklaras i att de utvalda kunderna pÄverkas av egna upplevelser och erfarenheter i större utstrÀckning Àn den externa marknadskommunikationen. En lÄng affÀrsrelation kan dÀrför innebÀra att kundens image av varumÀrket istÀllet pÄverkas mer av hur ABB hanterar olika situationer, som exempelvis klagomÄl. Budskapen i den externa kommunikationen kan pÄ sÄ sÀtt innebÀra en större effekt i nyetablerade relationer

    Corporate Social Responsibility. Varför företagen tar ett ökat ansvar i samhÀllet

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    Företagens sociala ansvarstagande, det vill sĂ€ga Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Ă€r ett aktuellt Ă€mne som ofta diskuteras och uppmĂ€rksammas i sĂ„vĂ€l medier som ocksĂ„ hos företagsledare. Det kan finnas flera förklaringar till att företag vĂ€ljer att ta ett frivilligt ansvar. För att kunna fĂ„ en fördjupad förstĂ„else för företagens samhĂ€llsengagemang Ă€r det dĂ€rför angelĂ€get att identifiera vilka drivkrafter som ligger bakom ett CSR-arbete. Syftet Ă€r att beskriva varför de undersökta företagen arbetar med CSR samt att identifiera de frĂ€msta drivkrafterna bakom de undersökta företagens CSR-arbete. Studien baseras pĂ„ en kvalitativ insamlingsmetod i form av telefonintervjuer. Det för att erhĂ„lla djupare förstĂ„else för varför företag arbetar med CSR. Intervjuerna hade en semistrukturerad karaktĂ€r och genomfördes med respondenter frĂ„n sex företag, vilka samtliga bedriver ett aktivt CSR-arbete. Urvalet av företagen har skett utifrĂ„n det brittiska analysföretaget Innovests lista över de 100 mest hĂ„llbara företagen i vĂ€rlden 2007, företagsnĂ€tverket CSR Sweden, förslag frĂ„n CSR-konsulten Ola Löhman samt webbplatsen CSR i Praktiken.se. I studien framkommer det att det finns flera anledningar till att företagen arbetar med CSR. Ett skĂ€l till att företagen engagerar sig i CSR-frĂ„gor Ă€r, enligt studien, det etiska ansvarstagandet. SamhĂ€llets och intressenternas krav att agera etiskt gör att företag mĂ„ste ta hĂ€nsyn till dessa för att undvika att bli anklagade för ett oetiskt handlade. Det dĂ„ ett oetiskt agerande kan innebĂ€ra lĂ„ngsiktiga negativa effekter för företaget, som exempelvis ett försĂ€mrat rykte och minskad attraktivitet hos intressenterna. Studien visar sĂ„ledes att intressenterna har en viktig roll i företagens CSR-arbete genom deras behov och krav pĂ„ företagens verksamheter. DĂ€rmed Ă€r vĂ„rdandet av relationerna till intressenterna en anledning till att företagen vĂ€ljer att arbeta med CSR. Vidare kopplar företagen image och rykte till varumĂ€rket, som stĂ€rks genom deras sociala och miljömĂ€ssiga ansvarstagande. Att varumĂ€rket stĂ€rks genom CSR-aktiviteter Ă€r dĂ€rmed ytterligare en drivkraft som framkommer i studien. De frĂ€msta drivkrafterna som har identifierats hos de undersökta företagen Ă€r lönsamhet, riskhantering, varumĂ€rket, medarbetare och lĂ„ngsiktigt tĂ€nkande. Det kan dĂ€rför konstateras att företagen i första hand arbetar med CSR för att det har en positiv pĂ„verkan pĂ„ företaget och inte för de positiva följderna det har för samhĂ€llet i stort.Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a frequently discussed subject, therefore Media and business managers are paying close attention to the social and environmental responsibility of the companies. There can be many different driving forces behind the voluntary CSR activities. To reach a deeper understanding of the companies’ social and environmental commitment it is important to identify the reasons behind incorporating CSR regulations. The purpose of the study is to describe why the companies in the survey work with CSR and to identify the prime reasons behind integrating CSR activities into their business operations. The study is based on a qualitative method using telephone interviews. The method allowed for a deeper comprehension of why companies work with CSR. The interviews were semi-structured and based on the respondents from six companies. All the companies followed CSR guidelines. The companies were chosen from Innovests’ list of 100 most sustainable companies in the world of the year 2007, the company network CSR Sweden, proposal from the CSR consultant Ola Löhman and the website CSR I Praktiken.se. The study demonstrates several reasons why the companies work with CSR. One reason, according to the study, is ethical responsibility. The companies have to consider the impact of the stakeholders and society on behaving ethically. Acting unethically can lead to long-term negative consequences, such as a bad reputation and decreased attractiveness to the stakeholders. The study shows that the stakeholders' demands and needs influence how the companies work with CSR. A good relationship to the stakeholder, therefore, is one of the driving forces behind the companies' CSR activities. Furthermore, the companies connect their image and reputation to their brand, which is strengthened when they take-on social and environmental responsibility. The prime reasons that were identified in the survey are profitability, risk management, employees, long-term thinking and the brand. Therefore, the conclusion is the companies in this survey are working with CSR because it influences the company in a positive manner and not because they want to benefit society at large
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