Properties of the mechanosensitive channel MscS pore revealed by tryptophan scanning mutagenesis

Funding This work was supported by a Wellcome Trust Programme grant [092552/A/10/Z awarded to I.R.B., S.M., J. H. Naismith (University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K.), and S. J. Conway (University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.)] (T.R. and M.D.E.), by a BBSRC grant (A.R.) [BB/H017917/1 awarded to I.R.B., J. H. Naismith, and O. Schiemann (University of St Andrews)], by a Leverhulme Emeritus Fellowship (EM-2012-060\2), and by a CEMI grant to I.R.B. from the California Institute of Technology. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013 FP7/2007-2011) under Grant PITN-GA-2011-289384 (FP7-PEOPLE-2011-ITN NICHE) (H.G.) (awarded to S.M.).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Quasilocal energy and naked black holes

We extend the Brown and York notion of quasilocal energy to include coupled electromagnetic and dilaton fields and also allow for spatial boundaries that are not orthogonal to the foliation of the spacetime. We investigate how the quasilocal quantities measured by sets of observers transform with respect to boosts. As a natural application of this work we investigate the naked black holes of Horowitz and Ross calculating the quasilocal energies measured by static versus infalling observers.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure; submitted to the 8th Canadian Conference on General Relativity and Relativistic Astrophysics. This paper is a condensed version of gr-qc/990707

Horizon energy and angular momentum from a Hamiltonian perspective

Classical black holes and event horizons are highly non-local objects, defined in terms of the causal past of future null infinity. Alternative, (quasi)local definitions are often used in mathematical, quantum, and numerical relativity. These include apparent, trapping, isolated, and dynamical horizons, all of which are closely associated to two-surfaces of zero outward null expansion. In this paper we show that three-surfaces which can be foliated with such two-surfaces are suitable boundaries in both a quasilocal action and a phase space formulation of general relativity. The resulting formalism provides expressions for the quasilocal energy and angular momentum associated with the horizon. The values of the energy and angular momentum are in agreement with those derived from the isolated and dynamical horizon frameworks.Comment: 39 pages, 3 figures, Final Version : content essentially unchanged but many small improvements made in response to referees, a few references adde

Fundamental properties and applications of quasi-local black hole horizons

The traditional description of black holes in terms of event horizons is inadequate for many physical applications, especially when studying black holes in non-stationary spacetimes. In these cases, it is often more useful to use the quasi-local notions of trapped and marginally trapped surfaces, which lead naturally to the framework of trapping, isolated, and dynamical horizons. This framework allows us to analyze diverse facets of black holes in a unified manner and to significantly generalize several results in black hole physics. It also leads to a number of applications in mathematical general relativity, numerical relativity, astrophysics, and quantum gravity. In this review, I will discuss the basic ideas and recent developments in this framework, and summarize some of its applications with an emphasis on numerical relativity.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figures. Based on a talk presented at the 18th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, 8-13 July 2007, Sydney, Australi

Ultimate fate of apparent horizons during a binary black hole merger II: Horizons weaving back and forth in time

In this second part of a two-part paper, we discuss numerical simulations of a head-on merger of two non-spinning black holes. We resolve the fate of the original two apparent horizons by showing that after intersecting, their world tubes "turn around" and continue backwards in time. Using the method presented in the first paper to locate these surfaces, we resolve several such world tubes evolving and connecting through various bifurcations and annihilations. This also draws a consistent picture of the full merger in terms of apparent horizons, or more generally, marginally outer trapped surfaces (MOTSs). The MOTS stability operator provides a natural mechanism to identify MOTSs which should be thought of as black hole boundaries. These are the two initial ones and the final remnant. All other MOTSs lie in the interior and are neither stable nor inner trapped

Ultimate fate of apparent horizons during a binary black hole merger I: Locating and understanding axisymmetric marginally outer trapped surfaces

In classical numerical relativity, marginally outer trapped surfaces (MOTSs) are the main tool to locate and characterize black holes. For five decades it has been known that during a binary merger, a new outer horizon forms around the initial apparent horizons of the individual holes once they are sufficiently close together. However the ultimate fate of those initial horizons has remained a subject of speculation. Recent axisymmetric studies have shed new light on this process and this pair of papers essentially completes that line of research: we resolve the key features of the post-swallowing axisymmetric evolution of the initial horizons. This first paper introduces a new shooting-method for finding axisymmetric MOTSs along with a reinterpretation of the stability operator as the analogue of the Jacobi equation for families of MOTSs. Here, these tools are used to study exact solutions and initial data. In the sequel paper they are applied to black hole mergers