Efeitos do treinamento em meio aquático na pressão arterial: uma revisão sistemática com metanálise

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Respostas agudas de dois modelos de exercícios físicos em diferentes meios no perfil lipídico de mulheres pós-menopáusicas

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os efeitos agudos da caminhada/corrida de caráter contínuo e de caráter intervalado, em piscina rasa e em meio terrestre sobre o perfil lipídico e atividade da enzima lipase lipoproteica em mulheres pósmenopáusicas dislipidêmicas. Participaram do estudo 11 mulheres pós-menopáusicas dislipidêmicas (59,00±7,17 anos). Todas as participantes realizaram os quatro protocolos de exercícios: caminhada/corrida na piscina rasa e caminhada/corrida na pista de atletismo, nos modelos contínuo e intervalado, distribuídos de forma aleatória, com intervalo mínimo de 72 horas entre eles. Cada protocolo teve duração de 45 minutos. A intensidade do modelo contínuo foi correspondente a 85-90% da frequência cardíaca correspondente ao limiar anaeróbico (FCLAN), enquanto o intervalado teve intensidade de 90-95% da FCLAN nos 4 minutos de estímulo e menor do que 85% FCLAN no período de 1 minuto de recuperação (4:1). Para avaliação das variáveis do perfil lipídico (CT, LDL, HDL, TG) e da enzima lipase lipoproteica (LPLA), foi realizada coleta sanguínea em jejum pré-exercício, imediatamente após o exercício e em jejum 24h após o exercício. Para análise estatística, foram utilizadas as Equações de Estimativas Generalizadas (GEE), com post-hoc de LSD, adotando-se um α de 0,05. Os resultados demonstraram não haver diferença significativa no CT, LDL e HDL após as sessões de caminhada/corrida nos diferentes modelos e meios. Os TG aumentaram no meio aquático do pré para imediatamente após-exercício (7,70%) e do pré para após 24 horas (15,55%), independentemente do modelo. Por outro lado, no meio terrestre houve aumento dos TG do pré para o imediatamente após-exercício (10,34%) e redução do pré para após 24 horas (7,09%), independentemente do modelo. Já a LPLA aumentou 25,60% do momento pré para pós 24 horas e 19,30% do momento imediatamente pós para 24 horas após no meio aquático independentemente do modelo, entretanto não houve diferença no meio terrestre. Conclui-se que a caminhada/corrida em meio aquático foi benéfica em aumentar a LPLA e os TG, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa no CT, LDL e HDL. Além disso, o exercício em meio terrestre aumentou os TG também, mas não apresentou diferença no CT, LDL e HDL.The aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of aquatic and land-based walking/running, in both continuous and interval-based training modes, in the lipid profile and lipoprotein lipase activity of postmenopausal women with dyslipidemia. Eleven postmenopausal women with dyslipidemia (59 ± 7.17 years old) participated in the study. All participants completed the proposed protocols: aquatic exercises (walking/running in shallow pool) and land-based exercises (walking/running in track) in both continuous and interval training modes. The protocols were distributed randomly, with a 72-hour interval and a 45-minute duration. The intensity applied to the continuous exercises was set to a heart rate zone of 85-90%, corresponding to heart rate deflection point (HRDP), while the intensity applied to the interval exercises was set to 90-95% of the HRDP during the first 4 minutes of the stimulus followed by an intensity below 85% of the HRDP during 1 minute recovery time (4:1). In order to evaluate the lipid profile variables (CT, LDL, HDL, and TG) and the lipoprotein lipase activity variable (LPLA), blood was collected in three different moments: a fasting sampling before the exercise, a sampling immediately after it, and another fasting sampling after 24 hours. For the statistical analysis, generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used followed by a post-hoc least significant difference test (LSD) with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed no significant difference in CT, LDL, and HDL levels after the exercise sessions. On the other hand, TG levels in aquatic exercises increased 7.70% from pre-session moment to immediately post-session moment and 15.55% from pre-session moment to 24-hour after session moment, independent of training model. TG levels in land-based exercises increased 10.34% from pre-session to immediately post-session and reduced 7.09% from pre-session to 24-hour after session, also independent of training model. Lastly, LPLA levels increased 25.60% from pre-session to 24-hour and 19.30% from immediately postsession to 24-hour after session in aquatic exercises independent of training model, while no significant difference was found during land-based exercises. Our conclusion is that aquatic walking/running exercises were beneficial to the increase of LPLA and TG levels, with no significant effect on CT, LDL, and HDL levels. Furthermore, landbased increase TG, and did not show difference on CT, LDL, and HDL levels

Effects of two types of low impact physical training on screen time among overweight adolescents

Introduction: The time that adolescents spend in front of some screen as TV, computer, video games and mobile phones, has been considered a risk factor for obesity and non-communicable chronic diseases.Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of two types of low impact training on the screen time and the BMI of overweight adolescents.Methods: Sixty-seven adolescents were allocated into three groups: control group (CG); hydrogimnastic (HG); and jump (JG). The three groups had a weekly session of nutritional guidance; Additionally, the HG and JG trained 12 weeks with three weekly sessions ranging between 24 and 32 minutes as stage periodization training with hydrogimnastic and jump, respectively. Anthropometric measurements were performed, and screen time through a questionnaire created for this study in order to identify the amount of hours that adolescents passed in front of a screen. The questionnaire was carried out before and after the training period, as well as anthropometric assessments.Results: There was no difference pre and post-intervention in screen time for the three groups, however, there was a decrease in BMI in both exercise groups of the pre-training period for post-training.Conclusion: There was no reduction of the screen time, however the BMI decreased in the exercise groups

The beneficial effects of a water-based aerobic exercise session on the blood lipids of women with dyslipidemia are independent of their training status

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the acute effects of a session of water-based aerobic exercise on the blood lipid levels of women with dyslipidemia and to compare these results according to their training status. METHOD: Fourteen premenopausal women with dyslipidemia, aged 40–50 years, participated in two waterbased aerobic exercise sessions, the first when they were generally sedentary and the second after they were trained with a water-based aerobic training program for 12 weeks. Both experimental sessions were performed using the same protocol, lasted 45 min, and incorporated an interval method, alternating 3 min at a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of 13 and 2 min at an RPE of 9. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and lipoprotein lipase enzyme (LPL) were obtained through venous blood collection before and immediately after each session. A generalized estimating equation method and Bonferroni tests were conducted (with time and training status as factors) for statistical analyses. RESULTS: At enrollment, the mean age of the participants was 46.57 years (95% confidence interval [CI] 44.81– 48.34). The statistical analyses showed a significant time effect for all variables (TC: p=0.008; TG: p=0.012; HDL: po0.001; LPL: po0.001) except for LDL (p=0.307). However, the training status effect was not significant for any variable (TC: p=0.527; TG: p=0.899; HDL: p=0.938; LDL: p=0.522; LPL: p=0.737). These results indicate that the TC and TG levels reduced and the HDL and LPL concentrations increased from pre- to post-session in similar magnitudes in both sedentary and trained women. CONCLUSIONS: A single water-based aerobic exercise session is sufficient and effective to beneficially modify the lipid profile of women with dyslipidemia, regardless of their training status