Electrostrictive laser-induced gratings for time-resolved observation of translational-rotational energy transfer in H2

Electrostrictive laser-induced gratings (LIG) have been formed in H2 of various pressures (0.5 5 bar) and with frequencies of the Brillouin modes (sound waves) of about 14 MHz. Under these conditions, the rotational degrees of freedom can only partially follow the temperature variation from the acoustic oscillation. A model is given, which completes the linearized fluid dynamical equations with equations for the rotational state relaxation, separately for the average relaxation of the states for Ortho-H2 and Para-H2. Using such a model, the dispersion of sound frequency is reproduced with an accuracy of a few percent. However, the total dissipation of sound and the observed strong alternation in peak heights in the temporal evolution of the LIG intensity is only approximately predicted by the mode

Fair Use as a Market Facilitator

The Digital Age has enabled individuals worldwide to store, organize, and share everything from cherished memories embodied in photographs and videos to academic writing and correspondence. Yet, archived collections of academic, public, and private libraries are out of reach to many, and many books are now beyond reach because they are no longer in print. The high cost of digitization exacerbates these challenges. In 2004, Google Inc. responded to these issues by announcing a project to scan and digitize the collections of several leading universities and public libraries (the “Google Books” project). The project offered users the opportunity to search the entire corpus of scanned works. For works still under copyright, users could view only snippets sufficient to give them a taste of the complete work; users interested in accessing the full text could, however, buy the books from the publisher directly through links that the system provides. Several authors and publishers filed suit in the Southern District of New York, arguing that the Google Books project infringed their copyrights in their works. The district court held that allowing users to search unauthorized digital copies of the works and see snippets from those works was noninfringing fair use. The Second Circuit affirmed. The courts reasoned that the purpose of the copying was highly transformative, the public display of text was limited, and the project did not provide a significant market substitute for the protected aspects of the original works. This article explores the effects of these decisions, arguing that the fair use holding played a major role in facilitating the creation of markets for archiving copyrighted works. This market facilitation role is atypical of the fair use defense’s usual role and arguably fails fully to account for the effect that the use could have upon the potential market for—or value of—the copyrighted work. This article will explore the fair use defense’s unexpected market facilitation role and suggest that it should be carefully considered by courts, especially in light of the rationales underlying the fair use defense, which focus mainly on market failure and freedom of speech

Zum Verschwinden und Entwerten der Persönlichkeit, der eigenen Bedürfnisse und individuellen Erfahrungen

https://www.admin.ch/gov/de/start/dokumentation/medienmitteilungen.msg-id-69458.htm

Acknowledging the complexity of processes leading to foster care breakdown

Family-based solutions for children in care are the preferred option in European countries on the grounds of both cost and quality. Yet, too often, foster care placements intended to be long term are terminated unexpectedly early. Few studies have identified factors leading to unexpected breakdown and fewer still have translated such findings into practical guidance for professionals. This article outlines: (a) the ambiguity and contradictions in the use of terminology (e.g., instability, breakdown, disruption) in several international studies; (b) the adoption of a one-sided, file-based, systemic perspective in recent studies of foster care instability, breakdown, and disruption; and (c) empirical data collected from interviews with foster children. Foster care breakdown is shown to be a process that takes place on several levels. In addition to the actual breakdown event, the situation of the child before the placement, the situation during the placement, the emergence and development of the crisis and the consequences of the breakdown for all those involved are all part of the process. It is only in retrospect that the ending of a foster care process is perceived as a breakdown. Assessments of whether it was planned or unplanned, expected or unexpected, and desirable or undesirable are meaningful only from an individual perspective. Such a perspective must be clearly identified: different people experience and remember the same breakdown in different ways, and its significance for their personal biographies may vary.</jats:p

Kinder in Asylunterkünften – kinderrechtsbasierte Empfehlungen

Die Studie «Warten auf Transfer» dokumentiert das (Er-)Leben begleiteter Kinder in Schweizer Asylunterkünften. Sie beschreibt ein Leben im Wartezustand, das die Kinder und ihre Familien belastet. Wo kann die Soziale Arbeit ansetzen

Care Farming - eine Systemanalyse : Schlussbericht

Farming families provide care for children, young people and adults. The terms ‘care farming’ (CF) and social agriculture are used to describe this service in the expert discourse. The development of these social care services varies in different European countries. It may be assumed that at least one percent of all agricultural family operations provide care services in Switzerland, including for children and young people. Accordingly, CF is a component of Swiss foster care. Against the background of the recent revision of the Child and Adult Protection Act (Kindes- und Erwachsenenschutzgesetz) and of the legal provisions in relation to foster care, a qualitative system analysis was carried out in three cantons in 2013. The aim of the system analysis was to describe the context and importance of CF and to identify the attitudes and working methods of central actors (i.e. the child and adult protection authorities and family placement organizations) in relation to placements in agriculture. As part of the study, documents were analyzed and expert interviews held with representatives of child and adult protection authorities and family placement organizations. It emerges from the study that the interviewed members of the placement authorities consider that placements in agriculture can be a viable option, in particular for young people, if the match between the client and foster family is suitable. According to the surveyed family placement organizations, the interest among farming families in offering foster places is considerable. The study presents CF as one care service within a complex support system for children and young people, and raises new questions for investigation by more detailed research projects.Bauernfamilien betreuen Kinder, Jugendliche oder erwachsene Personen. Im Fachdiskurs werden hierfür die Begriffe Care Farming oder soziale Landwirtschaft verwendet. In Europa haben sich diese sozialen Betreuungsleistungen in den verschiedenen Ländern unterschiedlich entwickelt. In der Schweiz geht man derzeit davon aus, dass mindestens ein Prozent aller landwirtschaftlichen Familienbetriebe Betreuungsleistungen anbieten, auch für Kinder und Jugendliche. Care Farming ist somit Bestandteil der schweizerischen Pflegekinderhilfe. Vor dem Hintergrund der kürzlich erfolgten Revisionen des Kindes- und Erwachsenenschutzgesetzes bzw. der rechtlichen Grundlagen der Pflegekinderhilfe wurde 2013 eine qualitative Systemanalyse in drei Kantonen durchgeführt mit dem Ziel, den Kontext und die Bedeutung von Care Farming zu beschreiben und Haltungen und Arbeitsweise zentraler Akteure (Kindes- und Erwachsenschutzbehörden und Familienplatzierungsorganisationen) hinsichtlich Platzierungen in der Landwirtschaft zu ermitteln. Im Rahmen der Studie wurden Dokumente analysiert sowie Expertengespräche Vertreterinnen und Vertretern von Kindes- und Erwachsenenschutzbehörden und Familienplatzierungsorganisationen geführt. Aus der Studie geht hervor, dass für die befragten Behördenmitglieder Platzierungen in die Landwirtschaft vor allem für Jugendliche eine Option darstellen können, sofern die Passung zwischen KlientIn und Pflegefamilie stimmt. Weiter geht aus der Studie hervor, dass gemäss den befragten Familienplatzierungsorganisationen das Interesse von Seiten der Bauernfamilien Betreuungsplätze anzubieten gross ist. Die Studie präsentiert Care Farming als eine Betreuungsleistung innerhalb eines komplexen Kinder- und Jugendhilfesystem und generiert neue Fragestellungen für weiterführende Forschungsprojekte

Wirkungsanalyse von Mutter-Kind-Angeboten im Kanton Zürich : Schlussbericht

Auftraggeber Forschungsprojekt: Bildungsdirektion des Kantons Zürich, Amt für Jugend und Berufsberatun