Extração e caracterização de duas ligninas residuais da madeira de eucalipto

Lignin, the second most abundant biopolymer on the planet, has properties that can be widely explored, moving from waste to products with high added value. Therefore, this work aimed to extract and characterize Klason and Kraft lignins from sawdust and black liquor, considered industrial waste. The raw material used was Eucalyptus grandis chips. To obtain Klason lignin according to TAPPI 222 om-02 (2002), part of the chips were transformed into sawdust. To obtain Kraft lignin, another part of the chips passed through a digester to obtain black liquor, which was subsequently subjected to acid precipitation. The characterization of lignins was performed by granulometry analysis, scanning electron microscopy with elemental chemical analysis (EDS), transmission electron microscopy, medium infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential calorimetry. Microscopy analyzes showed irregular structures of various shapes, including spherical structures, most evident and frequent in Kraft lignin. The elementary chemical analysis showed that the lignin washing process was satisfactory, due to the small percentage of sulfur detected in the samples. The results of the granulometry confirmed that the lignins had micrometric dimensions. The medium infrared spectra showed the characteristic peaks of the chemical composition of lignin. The thermal analysis showed three ranges of degradation, attributed to the drying of the samples, degradation of the hemicelluloses and the lignin itself. All results confirmed the obtaining of Klason and Kraft lignins. Therefore, the techniques were satisfactory in transforming waste into lignin with the potential for a variety of commercial applications, mainly in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.A lignina, o segundo biopolímero mais abundante do planeta, possui propriedades que podem ser amplamente exploradas, passando de resíduos a produtos de alto valor agregado. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo extrair e caracterizar as ligninas Klason e Kraft de serragem e licor negro, considerados resíduos industriais. A matéria-prima utilizada foram cavacos de Eucalyptus grandis. Para a obtenção da lignina Klason conforme TAPPI 222 om-02 (2002), parte dos cavacos foi transformada em serragem. Para a obtenção da lignina Kraft, outra parte dos cavacos passou por um digestor para a obtenção do licor negro, que posteriormente foi submetido à precipitação ácida. A caracterização das ligninas foi realizada por análise de granulometria, microscopia eletrônica de varredura com análise química elementar (EDS), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, espectroscopia de infravermelho médio, análise termogravimétrica e calorimetria diferencial. As análises microscópicas mostraram estruturas irregulares de vários formatos, incluindo estruturas esféricas, mais evidentes e frequentes na lignina Kraft. A análise química elementar mostrou que o processo de lavagem da lignina foi satisfatório, devido ao pequeno percentual de enxofre detectado nas amostras. Os resultados da granulometria confirmaram que as ligninas apresentaram dimensões micrométricas. Os espectros de infravermelho médio mostraram os picos característicos da composição química da lignina. A análise térmica mostrou três faixas de degradação, atribuídas à secagem das amostras, degradação das hemiceluloses e da própria lignina. Todos os resultados confirmaram a obtenção das ligninas Klason e Kraft. Portanto, as técnicas foram satisfatórias na transformação de resíduos em lignina com potencial para diversas aplicações comerciais, principalmente nas indústrias química e farmacêutica

CHARACTERIZATION OF CELLULOSE AND CELLULOSE NITRATE NANOFILMSSE

The objective of this work was the characterization of cellulose and cellulose nitrate nanofilms from the mixture of Kraft pulps of  Pinus sp. and Eucalyptus sp. bleached. The production of nanocellulose was made by mechanical processing. To obtain the cellulose nitrate, the nitration was carried out in part of the produced nanocellulose. The characterizations were performed by means of scanning electron microscopy, medium infrared spectroscopy, tensile strength and absorption assay.  The results demonstrate that there was influence of  nitration in the characteristics of the films produced. The nanofilms of cellulose nitrate appear more interesting for the absorption property, indicating the use of this process for uses that require this characteristic

Myeloma-Induced Osteocyte Death Was Blunted By Proteasome Inhibitors Through The Modulation Of Autophagy

Osteocytes are critical in the maintenance of bone integrity regulating bone remodeling through the cell death and autophagy, a cellular process stress-induced to prolong cell survival but when induced excessively can cause cell death. Recently we have demonstrated that an increased osteocyte death is involved in multiple myeloma (MM)-induced osteolysis. However the mechanisms involved in this process as well as the effect of the proteasome inhibitors able to stimulate bone formation are not known and have been investigated in this study. Firstly the effect of the proteasome inhibitors BOR and MG262 on osteocyte viability was evaluated in vitro in murine osteocytic cell line MLO-Y4 and in the human pre-osteocytic one HOB-01. Both cell lines were co-coltured for 48 hours in the presence or absence of the human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs) RPMI8226 and JJN3, placed in a traswell insert. The treatment for 12-24 hours with (BOR) (2nM) and MG262 (10nM) significantly blunted MLO-Y4 and HOB-01 cell death. In addition, dexamethasone (DEX)-induced MLO-Y4 apoptosis, obtained at high doses (10-5-10-6 M), was reduced by the treatment with proteasome inhibitors. Interestingly, we found that PTH short-term treatment potentiated the in vitro effects of proteasome inhibitors on DEX-induced osteocyte death. To evaluate the presence of autophagy in osteocytes, we checked the expression of the autophagic marker LC3 both by confocal microscopy and western blot analysis in the co-colture system with MLO-Y4 and RPMI-8226. Prevalence of autophagic cell death and in a lesser extent apoptosis was observed in this system. BOR increased the basal level of LC3 indicating a pro-survival and protective function of autophagy against the BOR-induce stress. On the contrary, when cells undergo to a stronger stress such as in the presence of HMCLs or by treatment with high dose of DEX we found that both proteasome inhibitors BOR and MG262 blocked autophagic cell death in osteocytes. To translate our in vitro evidence in a clinical perspective, thereafter we performed a histological evaluation on bone biopsies of a cohort of 37 newly diagnosis MM patients 31 of them with symptomatic MM and 6 with smoldering MM (SMM). The 55% of patients with MM have evidence of osteolytic lesions at the X-rays survey. Bone biopsies were obtained at the diagnosis and after an average time of 12 months of treatment or observation. Osteocyte viability was evaluated in a total of 500 lacunae per histological sections. A significant increase of the number of viable osteocytes was demonstrated in MM patients treated with BOR-based regimen as compared to those treated without BOR (% median increase: +6% vs. +1.30%; p=0.017). Patients treated with BOR alone showed the highest increase of osteocyte viability, as compared to those either treated without BOR (+11.6% vs. +1.3%, p=0.0019) or treated with BOR plus DEX (+11.6% vs. +4.4%, p=0.01). A reduction of both osteocyte apoptosis and autophagy was demonstrated by TUNEL assays and confocal microscopy. On the other hand, any significant difference was not observed in patients treated with Thalidomide (THAL) or Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) than in those untreated with these drugs (p= 0.7). A multiple regression non-parametric analysis showed that BOR had a significant positive impact on osteocyte viability (p=0.042) whereas THAL/IMiDs as well as Zoledronic acid (ZOL) treatments have not (p=0.2). BOR also counterbalanced the negative effect of DEX treatment (p=0.035). Our data suggest that proteasome inhibitors blunted osteocyte cell death induced by MM cells and DEX through the modulation of the autophagy supporting their use to improve bone integrity in MM patients

NANOCELLULOSE OBTAINED MECHANICALLY BY DIFFERENT COLLOID GRINDING INTENSITIES

Recent advances in nanocellulose technology have enabled production of materials for various applications with attractive properties. The aim of this work was to analyze the nanofibrillated cellulose of Eucalyptus sp. obtained by different grinding intensities. Delignified Eucalyptus sp. kraftpulp was used to obtain the nanofibrillated cellulose in the mechanical grinding process, with 2, 10 and 20 passes. Images were captured by scanning and transmission electron microscopy to observe cellulose structures. For each mechanical treatment, three films were produced, which were used to evaluate the crystallinity index. Viscosity measurement evaluated the influence of mechanical treatment on nanofibrillated cellulose. Microscopic analysis showed that the mechanical process promoted fiber defibrillation, resulting in the exposure of microfibrils in all treatments evaluated. Differences were not verified in the conformation and dimensions of the structures for the different numbers of passes, and the nanofibrils presented average diameter of approximately 30 nm. The mechanical process to obtain the nanofibrillated cellulose reduced of the crystallinity index and the viscosity of the nanofibrillated cellulose compared to cellulose before processing. The average particle size declined with rising number of grinder passes

MyOcean Scientific Validation Report (ScVR) for WP9 – Med-MFC

This report was written for MyOcean ProjectPublished4.6. Oceanografia operativa per la valutazione dei rischi in aree marinereserve

Qualification of biomass in forest stands of Pinus taeda

The multiple use of planted forests can increase the availability of forest biomass for energy generation systems. To increase its potential energy is necessary to control properties such as moisture content and calorific value, which directly influence the energy capacity of fuel. In this context, this paper attempts to evaluate the variation of moisture content and calorific value of needles, branches, canopies and barks of Pinus taeda in different ages; to investigate the relationship between the moisture content and the net calorific value; and to define a regression model that best explains the behavior of the net calorific value. For the analysis was applied a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement with four components of trees in four ages of Pinus taeda. In the results, the model selected had only moisture content as independent variable; there was a high negative correlation between moisture content and net calorific value, and significant difference of these variables for all components and ages. Barks at different ages and branches from 14 years of age are the most suitable components for power generation.O uso múltiplo das florestas plantadas pode aumentar a disponibilidade da biomassa destinada a sistemas de geração de energia. Para intensificar o potencial energético dessa fonte é necessário controlar propriedades como o teor de umidade e poder calorífico, que influem diretamente na capacidade energética do combustível. Neste contexto, o trabalho buscou avaliar a variação do teor de umidade e poder calorífico em acículas, galhos, copas e cascas de Pinus taeda em diferentes idades; verificar a relação entre o teor de umidade e o poder calorífico líquido; e definir um modelo de regressão que melhor explique o comportamento do poder calorífico líquido. Para a análise foi aplicado um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial contendo quatro componentes de árvores em quatro idades de Pinus taeda. Nos resultados, o modelo selecionado apresentou apenas o teor de umidade como variável independente; observou-se elevada correlação negativa entre teor de umidade e poder calorífico líquido, além de diferença significativa destas variáveis para todos os componentes e idades. As cascas em diferentes idades e galhos a partir dos 14 anos de idade são os componentes mais indicados para geração de energia

INFLUÊNCIA DA ADIÇÃO DE CELULOSE NANOFIBRILADA (CNF) NAS PROPRIEDADES ÓPTICAS E FÍSICAS DO PAPEL

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da incorporação de celulose nanofibrilada (CNF) sobre as propriedades ópticas e físicas do papel. Foi utilizada polpa Kraft branqueada de Eucalyptus sp. para produção das folhas. Para produção da CNF, a polpa foi processada mecanicamente no moinho desfibrilador Super Masscolloider Masuko Sangyo. Para visualização das estruturas e dimensões da celulose e da CNF, foi usada a microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e de varredura. A viscosidade foi usada para verificar o grau de polimerização das amostras. O índice de cristalinidade foi obtido usando difração de Raios-X. Foram confeccionados papéis com grau de refinação 15 e 25 °SR, com adição de 0% a 6% de CNF. Na sequência, estes foram avaliados por meio das propriedades ópticas (alvura e opacidade) e propriedades físicas (espessura, densidade aparente e permeância ao ar). O processo mecânico gerou o desfibrilamento interno e externo, promovendo a redução nas dimensões das fibras para a escala nanométrica. O processo de desfibrilação também causou a redução da cristalinidade e da viscosidade. De forma geral, as pequenas variações observadas para a alvura e a opacidade, bem como os aumentos significativos na densidade aparente e na resistência à passagem ao ar possibilitam a utilização da celulose nanofibrilada como um material renovável e biodegradável na produção de papéis

ANÁLISE DAS CAUSAS DA DETERIORAÇÃO DOS POSTES DE MADEIRA DA ILHA DO MEL, PARANÁ, BRASIL

The objectives were the chemical quantification of preservatives, the anatomical identification of forest species and the principal decay agent identification of wood poles from an electric distribution system in 'Ilha do Mel', in the coast of Paraná state. It was also proposed a methodology to extend the poles useful life. The poles were anatomically characterized and the identification and the chemical quantification were done by colorimetric analysis and atomic absorption. The mean retention was evaluated by t test and comparison of groups was done by Fisher test. The decay agent identification was done by visual inspection, with little tools. The anatomical analysis identified the poles how Eucalyptus grandis species. The qualitative chemical tests showed cupper chromo arseniate (CCA) and cupper chromo borate (CCB) presence, with the retention index for CCA with lesser values than the minimum recommended by rule. The visual inspection results indicated woodpecker, fungi and termite attacks. To management model proposed integrated actions like raw material receiving, monitoring and pole maintenance.Objetivou-se a quantificação química dos preservantes, identificação anatômica da espécie florestal e dos principais agentes deterioradores dos postes de madeira de uma rede de distribuição de energia elétrica da Ilha do Mel, no litoral do Estado do Paraná. Além disso, foram propostas formas de prolongar a vida útil do poste em uso. Os postes foram caracterizados anatomicamente e a identificação e quantificação química foram realizadas por meio de análise colorimétrica e absorção atômica. Avaliou-se a retenção média amostral pelo teste t de Student e na comparação entre os grupos foi aplicado o teste de Fisher. A identificação dos agentes deterioradores foi realizada de acordo com a inspeção visual, com o auxílio de pequenas ferramentas. As análises anatômicas identificaram os postes como sendo da espécie Eucalyptus grandis . Os testes químicos qualitativos revelaram a presença de preservante arseniato de cobre cromatado (CCA) e borato de cobre cromatado (CCB) tendo os índices de retenção para CCA apresentado valores inferiores ao mínimo recomendado. Os resultados da inspeção visual indicaram ataques por pica-paus, fungos e cupins. Para o modelo de gerenciamento foram propostas ações integradas desde o recebimento da matéria-prima, monitoramento e manutenção dos postes

ANÁLISE DAS CAUSAS DA DETERIORAÇÃO DOS POSTES DE MADEIRA DA ILHA DO MEL, PARANÁ, BRASIL

The objectives were the chemical quantification of preservatives, the anatomical identification of forest species and the principal decay agent identification of wood poles from an electric distribution system in 'Ilha do Mel', in the coast of Paraná state. It was also proposed a methodology to extend the poles useful life. The poles were anatomically characterized and the identification and the chemical quantification were done by colorimetric analysis and atomic absorption. The mean retention was evaluated by t test and comparison of groups was done by Fisher test. The decay agent identification was done by visual inspection, with little tools. The anatomical analysis identified the poles how Eucalyptus grandis species. The qualitative chemical tests showed cupper chromo arseniate (CCA) and cupper chromo borate (CCB) presence, with the retention index for CCA with lesser values than the minimum recommended by rule. The visual inspection results indicated woodpecker, fungi and termite attacks. To management model proposed integrated actions like raw material receiving, monitoring and pole maintenance.Objetivou-se a quantificação química dos preservantes, identificação anatômica da espécie florestal e dos principais agentes deterioradores dos postes de madeira de uma rede de distribuição de energia elétrica da Ilha do Mel, no litoral do Estado do Paraná. Além disso, foram propostas formas de prolongar a vida útil do poste em uso. Os postes foram caracterizados anatomicamente e a identificação e quantificação química foram realizadas por meio de análise colorimétrica e absorção atômica. Avaliou-se a retenção média amostral pelo teste t de Student e na comparação entre os grupos foi aplicado o teste de Fisher. A identificação dos agentes deterioradores foi realizada de acordo com a inspeção visual, com o auxílio de pequenas ferramentas. As análises anatômicas identificaram os postes como sendo da espécie Eucalyptus grandis . Os testes químicos qualitativos revelaram a presença de preservante arseniato de cobre cromatado (CCA) e borato de cobre cromatado (CCB) tendo os índices de retenção para CCA apresentado valores inferiores ao mínimo recomendado. Os resultados da inspeção visual indicaram ataques por pica-paus, fungos e cupins. Para o modelo de gerenciamento foram propostas ações integradas desde o recebimento da matéria-prima, monitoramento e manutenção dos postes