Considerações sobre o abastecimento de água dos sistemas aquífero-úmidos da bacia Magdalena-Cauca, Colômbia, a partir da interpretação dos dados do satélite GRACE

[Introducción]: Gracias a los recientes datos provistos por los satélites GRACE, es posible, de manera preliminar, estimar los cambios en los almacenamientos de agua subterránea (GWS por sus siglas en inglés), y ofrecer, así, una herramienta novedosa y sin precedentes en el estudio de las dinámicas de los sistemas acuífero-humedal. [Objetivo]: A raíz de las tendencias observadas en GRACE para la cuenca Magdalena-Cauca en Colombia, este estudio tiene como propósito indagar sobre cambios en la oferta hídrica de los sistemas acuífero-humedal. [Metodología]: Para este fin, se realizó un análisis de superposición de mapas, en donde se emplean los datos de GRACE para obtener cifras de recarga y descarga de agua para diferentes áreas de la cuenca y sistemas acuífero-humedal. [Resultados]: Considerando las tendencias de GWS, se obtuvieron volúmenes de agua que se tradujeron en cambios en el almacenamiento de los sistemas acuífero-humedal identificados en la cuenca Magdalena-Cauca. Estos valores muestran una recarga neta entre 2002 y 2010 de 284.65 mm lámina de agua para toda el área de la cuenca, pero una pérdida de 490.68 mm entre 2011 y 2017. Se observó, además, una alta correspondencia entre los eventos ENSO y GWS, en especial, los fuertes eventos La Niña 2010-2011 y El Niño 2015-2016 que causaron fuertes estragos en el país, lo cual se evidencia, en mayor medida, en la zona de la Mojana ubicada al norte de la cuenca. [Conclusiones]: Si bien estos resultados aún deben ser validados con datos de monitoreo continuo, las cifras que se presentan en este estudio invitan a ejecutar acciones en torno a la formulación de mejores políticas y gestión de los recursos hídricos que propendan por la seguridad hídrica futura.[Introduction]: Thanks to the recent data provided by the GRACE satellites, it is possible to establish a prelimi- nary estimate of changes in groundwater storage (GWS), thus offering a new and unprecedented tool for studying the dynamics of aquifer-wetland systems. [Objective]: As a result of the trends observed in GRACE for the Magdalena-Cauca basin in Colombia, this study investigates the water availability of the aquifer-wetland systems. [Methodology]: For this purpose, a map overlay analysis was performed using GRACE data to estimate ground- water recharge and discharge for different basins and aquifer-wetland systems. [Results]: Considering the trends in groundwater storage (GWS), we obtained water volumes and translated these into recharge and discharge esti- mates of the aquifer-wetland systems identified in the Magdalena-Cauca basin. These values show a total recharge between 2002 and 2010 of 284.65 mm, followed by a loss of 490.68 mm between 2011 and 2017. Furthermore, good correspondence was observed between the ENSO and GWS events, especially during the strong 2010-2011 La Niña and 2015-2016 El Niño events, which caused severe impacts in the country and that were particularly evi- dent in the Mojana wetland area located in the north of the basin. [Conclusions]: Although these results have yet to be validated with continuous monitoring data, the results presented in this study raise questions on the formulation of better policies and management of water resources that promote future water security.[Introdução]: Graças aos dados recentes fornecidos pelos satélites GRACE, é possível, de forma preliminar, estimar as mudanças no armazenamento de águas subterrâneas (GWS por sua sigla em inglês), oferecendo assim uma nova e inédita ferramenta no estudo da dinâmica dos aquíferos-umedal. [Objetivo]: Seguindo as tendências observadas no GRACE para a bacia Magdalena-Cauca na Colômbia, este estudo visa investigar as mudanças no abastecimento de água dos sistemas aquíferos-umedal. [Metodologia]: Para este fim, foi realizada uma análise de sobreposição de mapas, usando dados do GRACE para obter valores de recarga e descarga de água para diferentes áreas da bacia e sistemas aquífero-umedal. [Resultados]: Considerando as tendências GWS, foram obtidos volumes de água que se traduzem em mudanças no armazenamento dos sistemas aquífero-identificados na bacia Magdalena-Cauca. Esses valores mostram uma recarga líquida entre 2002 e 2010 de 284.65 mm de lâmina d'água para toda a área da bacia, mas uma perda de 490.68 mm entre 2011 e 2017. Também foi observada uma alta correspondência entre os eventos ENOS e GWS, em particular, os fortes eventos La Niña 2010-2011 e El Niño 2015-2016 que causaram grandes estragos no país e que são mais evidentes na área de Mojana localizada ao norte da bacia. [Conclusões]: Embora esses resultados ainda precisem ser validados com dados de monitoramento contínuo, os números apresentados neste estudo convidam a realizar ações em torno da formulação de melhores políticas e gestão dos recursos hídricos que promovam a segurança hídrica

Prevalence of lifestyle-related cardiovascular risk factors in Peru: the PREVENCION study Prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular relacionados con el estilo de vida en Perú: el estudio PREVENCIÓN

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of lifestyle-related cardiovascular risk factors in the adult population of Arequipa, the second largest city in Peru. METHODS: The prevalence and patterns of smoking, alcohol drinking, lack of physical activity, high-fat diet, and low fruit and vegetable intake were evaluated among 1 878 subjects (867 men and 1 011 women) in a population-based study. RESULTS: The age-standardized prevalence of current smoking, former smoking, and never smoking were 21.6%, 14.3%, and 64.1%, respectively. The prevalence of current smoking was significantly higher in men than women (31.1% vs. 12.1%; P OBJETIVOS: Estimar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular relacionados con el estilo de vida de adultos de Arequipa, la segunda mayor ciudad de Perú. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de base poblacional para evaluar la prevalencia y los patrones de consumo de tabaco y bebidas alcohólicas, la falta de actividad física, la dieta rica en grasas y el bajo consumo de frutas y vegetales en 1 878 personas (867 hombres y 1 011 mujeres). RESULTADOS: Las prevalencias estandarizadas por la edad de los fumadores actuales, pasados y de los que nunca fumaron fueron 21,6%, 14,3% y 64,1%, respectivamente. La prevalencia de tabaquismo fue significativamente mayor en los hombres que en las mujeres (31,1% frente a 12,1%; P < 0,01). La prevalencia del consumo de bebidas alcohólicas fue de 37,7%, significativamente mayor en los hombres que en las mujeres (55,5% frente a 19,7%; P < 0,01). La prevalencia del consumo excesivo de alcohol fue de 21,1%, mayor en los hombres que en las mujeres (36,1% frente a 6,4%; P < 0,01). La gran mayoría de los bebedores presentó un patrón de consumo concentrado fundamentalmente en los fines de semana y los días feriados, más que el consumo habitual con las comidas en los días laborables. La proporción de personas con insuficiente actividad fue de 57,6%, significativamente mayor en las mujeres que en los hombres (63,3% frente a 51,9%; P < 0,01). En general, 42,0% de los adultos informaron consumir dietas ricas en grasas, 34,5% dijo tener un bajo consumo de frutas y 33,3% un bajo consumo de vegetales. CONCLUSIONES: La alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular relacionados con el estilo de vida encontrada en esta población de los Andes es preocupante. Se deben implementar urgentemente programas preventivos para resolver este creciente problema

Prevalence of lifestyle-related cardiovascular risk factors in Peru: the PREVENCION study

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of lifestyle-related cardiovascular risk factors in the adult population of Arequipa, the second largest city in Peru. METHODS: The prevalence and patterns of smoking, alcohol drinking, lack of physical activity, high-fat diet, and low fruit and vegetable intake were evaluated among 1 878 subjects (867 men and 1 011 women) in a population-based study. RESULTS: The age-standardized prevalence of current smoking, former smoking, and never smoking were 21.6%, 14.3%, and 64.1%, respectively. The prevalence of current smoking was significantly higher in men than women (31.1% vs. 12.1%; P < 0.01). The prevalence of current alcohol use was 37.7% and significantly higher in men than women (55.5% vs. 19.7%; P < 0.01). Similarly, the prevalence of binge drinking was 21.2%, and the percentage of men who binge drink (36.1%) was significantly higher than for women (6.4%; P < 0.01). The vast majority of alcohol drinkers reported a pattern of alcohol consumption mainly on weekends and holidays rather than regular drinking with meals during the week. The proportion of insufficiently active people was 57.6% and was significantly higher in women than men (63.3% vs. 51.9%; P < 0.01). Overall, 42.0% of adults reported consuming high-fat diets, 34.5% reported low fruit intake, and 33.3% reported low vegetable intake. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of lifestyle-related cardiovascular risk factors found in this Andean population is of concern. Preventive programs are urgently needed to deal with this growing problem

Prevalence and patterns of hypertension in Peruvian Andean Hispanics: the PREVENCION study

Cardiovascular disease is emerging as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Latin America. Population-based data regarding the prevalence of hypertension and hypertension subtypes in Andean Hispanic populations are scarce. The authors performed a population-based study that included 1878 Peruvian Andean adults to determine: (1) the prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension and (2) the relative frequency of hypertension subtypes (systolic vs. diastolic). The prevalence of hypertension was 15.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.0%-17.4%), did not differ by gender, and increased steeply with age, particularly in women. Awareness, treatment, and control rates were 47.9%, 39.5%, and 14%, respectively. Diastolic blood pressure increased until age 50 years and reached a plateau thereafter, whereas mean arterial pressure continued to increase with age even after age 50 years. Furthermore, in sharp contrast with the United States population, the predominant type of hypertension was systodiastolic (41.7%; 95% CI, 35.1%-48.5%). Isolated systolic hypertension accounted for only 29.3% of cases (95% CI, 23.9%-35.4%) and was responsible for a minority of cases in all age groups before age 70 years. Hypertension subtypes in this Andean population seem to differ significantly from those present in the United States population, with a much larger proportion of systodiastolic and diastolic hypertension even with advanced age. These differences result from interactions between hemodynamic and structural factors, and further studies aimed at characterizing their genetic and environmental determinants and implications in end-organ damage and prognosis in this population may contribute to understanding the pathophysiology of hypertension

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Peruvian Andean hispanics: The PREVENCION study

Data regarding the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MTS) in Andean populations are limited. We evaluated the prevalence of MTS according to American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute criteria among 1878 subjects in the PREVENCION study in Peru. In women, the most common component was low HDL cholesterol (60.9%) followed by abdominal obesity (36.9%). In men, the most common component was elevated triglycerides (52.0%) followed by low HDL cholesterol (32.5%), whereas the prevalence of abdominal obesity was 14%. Abnormal fasting glucose was the least common component in men (5.4%) and women (5.0%). The prevalence of MTS was significantly higher in women compared to men (23.2% versus 14.3%) and increased steeply with age, particularly in women ( p < 0.0001). Using body mass index (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2) instead of waist circumference as a component of the MTS lead to equivalent prevalence estimates of MTS in men but significantly underestimated the prevalence in women. The MTS is highly prevalent among Peruvian Andeans, particularly in older women. The pattern of MTS components in this Andean population is characterized by a high prevalence of dyslipidemia and a relatively low prevalence of elevated fasting glucose. Further studies are required to characterize genetic and environmental determinants of these patterns

Estudios de derecho penal. Libro homenaje a Juan Fernández Carrasquilla

El Departamento de Derecho Penal de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Medellín, con ocasión del septuagésimo aniversario del nacimiento de uno de sus más egregios exponentes -el Profesor Dr. Juan Fernández Carrasquilla, quien impartió las cátedras de Filosofía del Derecho y Derecho penal en esta casa de estudios, la segunda por un lapso superior a 3 lustros- se propuso, en el año 2010, jalonar la elaboración de una obra colectiva destinada a la conmemoración de dicha efemérides y, en consecuencia, rendir tributo y merecido homenaje al autor en cuestión. Habida cuenta las calidades científicas y académicas del profesor Fernández C., de sobra conocidas en el medio, la propuesta rápidamente fue acogida no solo por el grupo de profesores que conforman el Departamento de Derecho Penal de la Universidad de Medellín, sino también por una pléyade de autores colombianos y de otras latitudes que de forma generosa e incondicional quisieron unirse al proyecto original, a quienes, obligado es decirlo, vaya desde ya nuestro sincero y eterno sentimiento de gratitud -de hecho, nos consta que no pocos otros autores nacionales y extranjeros hubieran querido participar; sin embargo, como suele ocurrir en este tipo de obras, ello no fue posible habida cuenta los tiempos establecidos por el editor-o Así las cosas, profesores de Alemania, Argentina, Brasil. Chile, Ecuador, España, Italia, Venezuela y, desde luego, otras universidades colombianas, respondieron a nuestra invitación de manera afirmativa y de forma completamente desinteresada se unieron a la propuesta inicial, colaborando incluso de forma proactiva al buen éxito de la misma

Neotropical ornithology: Reckoning with historical assumptions, removing systemic barriers, and reimagining the future

A major barrier to advancing ornithology is the systemic exclusion of professionals from the Global South. A recent special feature, Advances in Neotropical Ornithology, and a shortfalls analysis therein, unintentionally followed a long-standing pattern of highlighting individuals, knowledge, and views from the Global North, while largely omitting the perspectives of people based within the Neotropics. Here, we review current strengths and opportunities in the practice of Neotropical ornithology. Further, we discuss problems with assessing the state of Neotropical ornithology through a northern lens, including discovery narratives, incomplete (and biased) understanding of history and advances, and the promotion of agendas that, while currently popular in the north, may not fit the needs and realities of Neotropical research. We argue that future advances in Neotropical ornithology will critically depend on identifying and addressing the systemic barriers that hold back ornithologists who live and work in the Neotropics: unreliable and limited funding, exclusion from international research leadership, restricted dissemination of knowledge (e.g., through language hegemony and citation bias), and logistical barriers. Moving forward, we must examine and acknowledge the colonial roots of our discipline, and explicitly promote anti-colonial agendas for research, training, and conservation. We invite our colleagues within and beyond the Neotropics to join us in creating new models of governance that establish research priorities with vigorous participation of ornithologists and communities within the Neotropical region. To include a diversity of perspectives, we must systemically address discrimination and bias rooted in the socioeconomic class system, anti-Blackness, anti-Brownness, anti-Indigeneity, misogyny, homophobia, tokenism, and ableism. Instead of seeking individual excellence and rewarding top-down leadership, institutions in the North and South can promote collective leadership. In adopting these approaches, we, ornithologists, will join a community of researchers across academia building new paradigms that can reconcile our relationships and transform science. Spanish and Portuguese translations are available in the Supplementary Material.• Research conducted by ornithologists living and working in Latin America and the Caribbean has been historically and systemically excluded from global scientific paradigms, ultimately holding back ornithology as a discipline.• To avoid replicating systems of exclusion in ornithology, authors, editors, reviewers, journals, scientific societies, and research institutions need to interrupt long-held assumptions, improve research practices, and change policies around funding and publication.• To advance Neotropical ornithology and conserve birds across the Americas, institutions should invest directly in basic field biology research, reward collective leadership, and strengthen funding and professional development opportunities for people affected by current research policies.Peer reviewe

Thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications of COVID-19 in adults hospitalized in high-income countries compared with those in adults hospitalized in low- and middle-income countries in an international registry

Background: COVID-19 has been associated with a broad range of thromboembolic, ischemic, and hemorrhagic complications (coagulopathy complications). Most studies have focused on patients with severe disease from high-income countries (HICs). Objectives: The main aims were to compare the frequency of coagulopathy complications in developing countries (low- and middle-income countries [LMICs]) with those in HICs, delineate the frequency across a range of treatment levels, and determine associations with in-hospital mortality. Methods: Adult patients enrolled in an observational, multinational registry, the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections COVID-19 study, between January 1, 2020, and September 15, 2021, met inclusion criteria, including admission to a hospital for laboratory-confirmed, acute COVID-19 and data on complications and survival. The advanced-treatment cohort received care, such as admission to the intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation, or inotropes or vasopressors; the basic-treatment cohort did not receive any of these interventions. Results: The study population included 495,682 patients from 52 countries, with 63% from LMICs and 85% in the basic treatment cohort. The frequency of coagulopathy complications was higher in HICs (0.76%-3.4%) than in LMICs (0.09%-1.22%). Complications were more frequent in the advanced-treatment cohort than in the basic-treatment cohort. Coagulopathy complications were associated with increased in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.52-1.64). The increased mortality associated with these complications was higher in LMICs (58.5%) than in HICs (35.4%). After controlling for coagulopathy complications, treatment intensity, and multiple other factors, the mortality was higher among patients in LMICs than among patients in HICs (odds ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.39-1.51). Conclusion: In a large, international registry of patients hospitalized for COVID-19, coagulopathy complications were more frequent in HICs than in LMICs (developing countries). Increased mortality associated with coagulopathy complications was of a greater magnitude among patients in LMICs. Additional research is needed regarding timely diagnosis of and intervention for coagulation derangements associated with COVID-19, particularly for limited-resource settings