Expansion and Improvement of English Language in Scientific Domain with Respect to Globalization and Related Criticisms (A Case study)

The present paper focuses on the topic of English language teaching and its widespread uses in the country’s educational system, especially in the domain of science. Concerning the issue of globalization and the spread of communications in all areas, it seems that the need for an international language is felt more than ever. In this regard, the science domain has not been an exception and has entered the course of globalization concurrent with the world. The current case study conducted on 20 students of Anthropology studying at the University of Tehran, investigates two main problems. First, students’ degree of satisfaction with the education presented by schools and universities, and their opinion about the English courses in Iran. In this article, we tried to capsulate their true ideas and suggestions for improving the teaching system of the English language in schools and universities according to their experiences. Second, we examined their feedback on the criticisms and disagreements against language expansion, such as linguistic imperialism and subtractive bilingualism. Keywords: Expansion of English Language, Globalization, linguistic imperialism, Subtractive Bilingualism, Mother Tongue and Culture DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/82-03 Publication date:October 31st 2021

Optimal Design of Multi-Span Pitched Roof Frames with Tapered Members

Many industrial buildings require large spans and high height, and the use of a frame with inclined roofs with non-prismatic elements can reduce the usage of steel. Pitched roof frame with single spans are optimized using different meta-heuristic algorithms. In this paper, the optimal design of industrial frames with two and three spans under gravity and lateral loads is performed. Five efficient and widely accepted optimization algorithms are used to optimize each frame. The convergence histories and design results of these algorithms are compared and the most suitable algorithm is determined. In each frame, the effect of increasing the apex height is evaluated on the optimal weight and the best angle is determined for optimum weight

Dry Matter and Essential Oil Yield Changes of Lavandula officinalis under Cowmanure and Vermicompost Application

In order to study the effect of organic fertilizer on shoot yield and essential oil content of lavender, this experiment was conducted in the Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Karaj, Iran, in 2013-14. The treatment groups consisted of vermicompost (0, 5, 10 and 15 ton/ha) and cow manure (0, 10, 20 and 30 ton/ha). The experimental design was a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The resultsshowed that cow manureapplication significantly affected big and smallcanopy diameter, canopy perimeter, lateral stems number and woody stem yield (P≤0.01). Moreover, manure significantly affected main stem diameter and leaf yield (P≤0.05). Results indicated that vermicompost application significantly affected big and smallcanopy diameter, annual stem number, leaf yield, annual stem yield, woody stem yield, total biological yield, essential oil yield (P≤ 0/01), and main stem (P≤ 0/05). According to the results, the interaction effect of treatments was significant for total shoot and leaf yield (P≤ 0/05). The highest sub stem number (24 n/p) was obtainedin 30 ton/ha manure treatment. While, the highest leaf yield (2206.4 kg/ha), annual stem yield (7133.2 kg/ha), annual branches yield (9933/6 kg/ha), total biological yield (1333.6 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (82.67 kg/ha) were determined at 15 ton/have vermicompost treatment. These fertilizers can improve tiller number and lateral stems growth but not affect essential oil percent and yield. It seems that they can increase it in drought stress condition because of improving soil moisture and fertility

Chapter 13 - Knock, knock-let the bacteria in: enzymatic potential of plant associated bacteria

Beneficial bacteria associated with plants have evolved for thousands of years together with their hosts to an intricate communication system that allow the recognition and penetration into plant tissues without harming them. Within the molecules involved in this communication system, the enzymes produced by the bacteria have an important role and some of them have been shown essential at first steps of plant colonization. In this chapter, we analyze the implication of some of the most well-known enzymes related to plant probiotic bacteria and their hosts, the steps at which these enzymes participate to allow the recognition by the plants and the bacterial penetration into their inner tissues. Between these enzymes we will examine the importance of (i) cellulases, produced by important plant growth promoters to penetrate plant tissues; (ii) chitinases, implicated in the defense of the plant against fungi and recognition by the plants; (iii) lectins, implicated in the attachment and first recognition steps; (iv) pectinases, which are usually expressed early during infection, in the penetration steps; and (v) xylanases, implicated in the recycling at senescence, amongst others. The upregulated expression of some of these enzymes in plant growth promoting bacteria was surprising at first, as they would be expected in pathogens, not in mutualistic microorganisms. However, as more data are available, the implication of hydrolytic enzymes in beneficial plant colonization is become clear

Plant lectins: the ties that bind in root symbiosis and plant defense

Lectins are a diverse group of carbohydrate-binding proteins that are found within and associated with organisms from all kingdoms of life. Several different classes of plant lectins serve a diverse array of functions. The most prominent of these include participation in plant defense against predators and pathogens and involvement in symbiotic interactions between host plants and symbiotic microbes, including mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. Extensive biological, biochemical, and molecular studies have shed light on the functions of plant lectins, and a plethora of uncharacterized lectin genes are being revealed at the genomic scale, suggesting unexplored and novel diversity in plant lectin structure and function. Integration of the results from these different types of research is beginning to yield a more detailed understanding of the function of lectins in symbiosis, defense, and plant biology in general

Isolation and characterization of a Forssman antigen-binding lectin from velvet bean ( Mucuna derringiana ) seeds

A Forssman antigen (GalNAcα1-3GalNAcβ1-3Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer)-binding lectin has been purified from velvet bean ( Mucuna derringiana ) seeds by a combination of affinity chromatography and reversed phase HPLC. This lectin agglutinates both native and trypsin-treated sheep erythrocytes as well as trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes, but neither native rabbit nor human erythrocytes, irrespective of blood group type. SDS-PAGE and gel filtration chromatography reveal the lectin to be a homodimer consisting of two 54 kDa subunits linked by non-covalent bonds. The results obtained by quantitative precipitation, haemagglutination inhibition and TLC overlay assays indicate that the Mucuna lectin specifically recognizes Forssman antigen and Forssman disaccharide (GalNAcα1-3GalNAc)-related structures.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45669/1/10719_2004_Article_BF00731278.pd

Nitrogen Distribution in Annual Growth of ‘Italia’ Table Grape Vines

Little information is available about nitrogen (N) content and its concentration in table grape vines. Knowledge of the quantity of N accumulated by the vine organs during the season could support sustainable fertilization programs for table grape vineyards. The aim of the present study was to determine the N content and its concentration in different annual organs, including summer and winter pruning materials, clusters at harvest, and fallen leaves at post-harvest. Specifically, biomass and N were analyzed at six phenological growth stages (flowering, berry-set, berry growth, veraison, ripening, and harvest) from 2012 to 2015. Nitrogen concentration was highest (>40 g/kg d.w.) in the leaves of the secondary shoots at flowering, whereas values >30 g/kg were measured in the leaves of the primary shoots. Nitrogen concentration in the clusters at harvest was 5.3–7.6 g/kg with an accumulation of 18.6–25.4 g/vine in the seasons. The decrease of N content in the primary leaves after flowering indicated a remobilization toward the clusters, which acted as a stronger sink. Later in the season (veraison-ripening), leaves translocated N to permanent organs and primary stems. Pruned wood and fallen leaves accounted for the largest N removal from the vine after clusters, 6.0–7.9 and 9.2–10.2 g/vine, respectively. With regard of the vine annual biomass, the growth followed a sigmoidal model reaching 7300–7500 g of d.w./vine at harvest. Vine leaf area, including both primary and secondary leaves, peaked at veraison (17–21 m2). Vines accumulated ≅35 g/vine of N at harvest, not considering the N removed with the intense summer pruning practices (≅7 g/vine) and the fraction mobilized toward the storage organs (10–15 g/vine). The overall N required by the vine was around 50–55 g/vine, which corresponded to ≅80 kg of N/ha in a vineyard with 1500 vines and a yield of 40 t/ha. Summer and winter pruning practices removed 29–31 g/vine of N which will be partly available (to be considered in the fertilization schedule) for the vine in the successive years if pruned residues were incorporated and mineralized in the soil