40 research outputs found
Caractérisation des assemblages non-covalents de PrP
L’étude de l’interaction entre des protéines et leurs ligands est essentielle pour la compréhension de leur rôle physiologique ainsi que de leur rôle dans la mise en place de pathologies. En particulier, dans le cas de maladies neurodégénératives, comme les maladies d’Alzheimer ou de Creutzfeld-Jacob, ou d’autres pathologies liées au mépliement de protéines, la compréhension des interactions entre protéines, qui peuvent modifier de façon considérable le paysage conformationnel des partenaires, est une des clés pour décrypter les étapes moléculaires élémentaires induisant une cascade d’événements qui mènent à la formation d’assemblages protéiques de grande taille. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons étudié la dynamique de taille de trois types d’assemblages protéines/ peptides.Interactions faibles impliquées dans la structuration d’assemblages de PrPSc et dans l’équilibre entre les formes PrPSc et suPrP : Dans un premier temps, l’étude des étapes précoces de la réplication du prion nous a permis de mettre en évidence une voie de diversification structurale qui implique une voie de templating secondaire. En utilisant une méthode de solubilisation en conditions natives et une approche reposant sur une série de souches différentes, nous avons démontré que, pour toutes les souches testées, les assemblages de prion ont la propriété de se dépolymériser en deux ensembles discrets d’assemblages oligomériques, dont la taille varie entre des dimères et tétramères. Des approches d’amplification de prion in vitro et in vivo ont démontré que ces assemblages oligomériques comportent toute l’information nécessaire à la réplication ainsi que les déterminants structuraux de la souche. Le motif de glycosylation, la cartographie par épitopes ainsi que l’empreinte PK ont mis en évidence des différences structurales entre les espèces oligomériques, soulignant la coexistence d’ensembles d’assemblages structuralement distincts au sein d’une souche donnée. Des expériences de dépliement partiel ont montré la présence d’une dynamique constitutionnelle entre les assemblages reposant sur un échange de matière et un réarrangement structurel à l’échelle de l’unité élémentaire (suPrP) ainsi qu’une diversité structurale au sein des assemblages de prion.Partenaires et oxydation de la PrPc: Bien que des travaux préalables aient mis en évidence l’existence d’interactions entre PrP et Aβ, Aβ1-40 ne forme que des complexes très instables avec la PrP monomérique. La spectrométrie de masse n’a pas permis de mettre en évidence cette interaction, même après optimisation des paramètres en conditions natives ou via des mesures indirectes reposant sur des échanges hydrogène - deutérium d’amide. L’oxydation radioloytique de la PrPC a été étudiée par SEC couplée à la mobilité ionique et la spectrométrie de masse, montrant la formation d’assemblages de haut poids moléculaires associée à des changements de structure.Fortes interactions peptide/peptide : Le système Synapt G2Si (Waters), qui combine de la mobilité ionique avec de la spectrométrie de masse, a été utilisé pour l’analyse d’une série de peptides issus de la capside externe du birnavirus de l’IBDV. Ces peptides peuvent former des complexes avec des énergies de liaison intermoléculaires proches de l’énergie de la liaison peptidique. En plus de la mise en évidence des changements structuraux au sein de ces complexes liés à l’introduction de mutations dans la séquence peptidique, des déviations par rapport aux attentes expérimentales ont été observées au cours de ce travail lors de mesures en conditions de mobilité ionique. Ces écarts ont pu être reliés à la conception de la cellule Tri-Wave de l’instrument, qui conduit à un mélange des différents gaz tampon qui ne peut être évité. De ce fait, les biais introduits par ce mélange influencent les paramètres de modélisation et la comparaison entre instruments pour tous les utilisateurs de ce modèle d’instrument.Interactions between proteins and their ligands play a crucial in the understanding of their physiological function as well as their role in disease mechanisms. Especially in all forms of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer, Creutzfeld-Jacob disease and others pathologies due to protein misfolding, the understanding of protein interaction, which can cause a dramatic change in the conformational landscape of the binding partners, is key in the deciphering of elementary molecular steps leading to cascade of events finally resulting in the formation of large protein assemblies. In the scope of this thesis we studied the size dynamic of three types of protein/peptides assemblies.Weak interactions involved in the structuration of PrPSc assemblies and in the detailed balanced between PrPSc and suPrP: The earliest steps in prion protein conversion were studied using both in vitro bona fide prion amplification method. We showed that the early step of the replication leads to a deterministic diversification process involving a secondary templating pathway. Furthermore, by using a native solubilization method and through a multi-strain approach. We demonstrated a generic property of prion assemblies to depolymerize into two discreet sets of oligomeric assemblies with a size ranging between dimers and tetramers for all tested strains. Both in vitro and in vivo prion amplification approaches showed that the oligomeric assemblies harbour all the replicative information as well as the strain structural determinant. Glycopattern, epitope-mapping and PK fingerprint revealed structural differences between the oligomeric species highlighting the coexistence of structurally distinct set of assemblies within a given strain. Partial unfolding experiments demonstrated the existence of a constitutional dynamic between the assemblies based on material exchange and structural rearrangement at the level of the elementary subunits (suPrP).PrPc partners and oxidative modifications: Although previous work had shown the existence of interactions between PrP and Aβ, monomeric Aβ1-40 forms only very weak complexes with monomeric PrP and mass spectrometry, even after optimization of the native instrument settings or by indirect measurements based on amide hydrogen deuterium exchange was not able to detect this interaction. Oxidation of PrPc was also suggested as a pathway towards pathology: the appearance and structural changes induced by gamma-radiolysis of water on PrPc were studied by mass spectrometry and ion mobility.Strong peptide/peptide interactions: The Waters Synapt G2Si instrumental set-up which couples ion mobility with mass spectrometry was used for the analysis of a collection of peptides derived from the shell of the IBDV binavirus. These peptides can form complexes with binding energies close or similar to the binding energy of the peptide bond. In addition to a better description of the changes in structure of these complexes varying with the mutations introduced in peptide sequence, we observed deviation from expected instrument characteristics when performing ion mobility measurements. Due to the design of the Tri-wave module in the Waters Synapt G2Si mass spectrometer, a mixture of the different buffer gases intrinsically cannot be avoided. Consequently, these biased measurements influence the outcome of modelling approaches and the inter-instrument comparison for all users of this instrument type
Heterogeneity and architecture of pathological prion protein assemblies: time to revisit the molecular basis of the prion replication process?
Prions are proteinaceous infectious agents responsible for a range of neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans. Prion particles are assemblies formed from a misfolded, β-sheet rich, aggregation-prone isoform (PrPSc) of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrPC). Prions replicate by recruiting and converting PrPC into PrPSc, by an autocatalytic process. PrPSc is a pleiomorphic protein as different conformations can dictate different disease phenotypes in the same host species. This is the basis of the strain phenomenon in prion diseases. Recent experimental evidence suggests further structural heterogeneity in PrPSc assemblies within specific prion populations and strains. Still, this diversity is rather seen as a size continuum of assemblies with the same core structure, while analysis of the available experimental data points to the existence of structurally distinct arrangements. The atomic structure of PrPSc has not been elucidated so far, making the prion replication process difficult to understand. All currently available models suggest that PrPSc assemblies exhibit a PrPSc subunit as core constituent, which was recently identified. This review summarizes our current knowledge on prion assembly heterogeneity down to the subunit level and will discuss its importance with regard to the current molecular principles of the prion replication process
Evidence of conformational landscape alteration and macromolecular complex formation in the early stages of in vitro human prion protein oxidation
International audienceOxidative stress is proposed to be one of the major causes of neurodegenerative diseases. Cellular prion protein (PrP) oxidation has been widely studied using chemical reagents such as hydrogen peroxide. However, the experimental conditions used do not faithfully reflect the physiological environment of the cell. With the goal to explore the conformational landscape of PrP under oxidative stress, we conducted a set of experiments combining the careful control of the nature and the amount of ROS produced by a 60 Co Îł-irradiation source. Characterization of the resulting protein species was achieved using a set of analytical techniques. Under our experimental condition hydroxyl radical are the main reactive species produced. The most important findings are i) the formation of molecular assemblies under oxidative stress, ii) the detection of a majority of unmodified monomer mixed with oxidized monomers in these molecular assemblies at low hydroxyl radical concentration, iii) the absence of significant oxidation on the monomer fraction after irradiation. Molecular assemblies are produced in small amounts and were shown to be an octamer. These results suggest either i) an active recruitment of intact monomers by molecular assemblies' oxidized monomers then inducing a structural change of their intact counterparts or ii) an intrinsic capability of intact monomer conformers to spontaneously associate to form stable molecular assemblies when oxidized monomers are present. Finally, abundances of the intact monomer conformers after irradiation were modified. This suggests that monomers of the molecular assemblies exchange structural information with intact irradiated monomer. All these results shed a new light on structural exchange information between PrP monomers under oxidative stress
Heterogeneity and Architecture of Pathological Prion Protein Assemblies: Time to Revisit the Molecular Basis of the Prion Replication Process?
Prions are proteinaceous infectious agents responsible for a range of neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans. Prion particles are assemblies formed from a misfolded, β-sheet rich, aggregation-prone isoform (PrPSc) of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrPC). Prions replicate by recruiting and converting PrPC into PrPSc, by an autocatalytic process. PrPSc is a pleiomorphic protein as different conformations can dictate different disease phenotypes in the same host species. This is the basis of the strain phenomenon in prion diseases. Recent experimental evidence suggests further structural heterogeneity in PrPSc assemblies within specific prion populations and strains. Still, this diversity is rather seen as a size continuum of assemblies with the same core structure, while analysis of the available experimental data points to the existence of structurally distinct arrangements. The atomic structure of PrPSc has not been elucidated so far, making the prion replication process difficult to understand. All currently available models suggest that PrPSc assemblies exhibit a PrPSc subunit as core constituent, which was recently identified. This review summarizes our current knowledge on prion assembly heterogeneity down to the subunit level and will discuss its importance with regard to the current molecular principles of the prion replication process
Microfluidic fabrication of polyethylene glycol microgel capsules with tailored properties for the delivery of biomolecules
Microfluidic encapsulation platforms have great potential not only in pharmaceutical applications but also in the consumer products industry. Droplet-based microfluidics is increasingly used for the production of monodisperse polymer microcapsules for biomedical applications. In this work, a microfluidic technique is developed for the fabrication of monodisperse double emulsion droplets, where the shell is crosslinked into microgel capsules. A six-armed acrylated star-shaped poly(ethylene oxide-stat-propylene oxide) pre-polymer is used to form the microgel shell after a photo-initiated crosslinking reaction. The synthesized microgel capsules are hollow, enabling direct encapsulation of large amounts of multiple biomolecules with the inner aqueous phase completely engulfed inside the double emulsion droplets. The shell thickness and overall microgel sizes can be controlled via the flow rates. The morphology and size of the shells are characterized by cryo-SEM. The encapsulation and retention of 10 kDa FITC-dextran and its microgel degradation mediated release are monitored by fluorescence microscopy. © 2017 The Royal Society of Chemistry
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Microfluidic fabrication of polyethylene glycol microgel capsules with tailored properties for the delivery of biomolecules
Microfluidic encapsulation platforms have great potential not only in pharmaceutical applications but also in the consumer products industry. Droplet-based microfluidics is increasingly used for the production of monodisperse polymer microcapsules for biomedical applications. In this work, a microfluidic technique is developed for the fabrication of monodisperse double emulsion droplets, where the shell is crosslinked into microgel capsules. A six-armed acrylated star-shaped poly(ethylene oxide-stat-propylene oxide) pre-polymer is used to form the microgel shell after a photo-initiated crosslinking reaction. The synthesized microgel capsules are hollow, enabling direct encapsulation of large amounts of multiple biomolecules with the inner aqueous phase completely engulfed inside the double emulsion droplets. The shell thickness and overall microgel sizes can be controlled via the flow rates. The morphology and size of the shells are characterized by cryo-SEM. The encapsulation and retention of 10 kDa FITC-dextran and its microgel degradation mediated release are monitored by fluorescence microscopy. © 2017 The Royal Society of Chemistry