Potencjał kulturowy gier i zabaw ruchowych

The aim of the article is to present the concept of cultural potential of physical culture components, i.e. sport, recreation, rehabilitation and physical education, and to emphasize broadly understood physical activity and its role in shaping attitudes and behaviors. Due to the multithreaded and multifaceted nature of the issue, the authors used the historical method, consisting in the analysis and interpretation of existing sources and literature. Taking into account the fact that from the ancient times to the contemporary, contribution of physical activity in culture has been undeniable, it must be properly supported in order to exist. The complexity of the concept means that it is impossible to summarize it with a single indicator, and the limited framework of the article requires the authors to concentrate on selected elements present in the consciousness and attempt to identify them.Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie koncepcji potencjału kulturowego składników kultury fizycznej, czyli sportu, rekreacji, rehabilitacji i wychowania fizycznego, oraz podkreślenie szeroko pojętej aktywności fizycznej i jej roli w kształtowaniu postaw, a także zachowań. Ze względu na wielowątkowy i wieloaspektowy charakter zagadnienia autorzy zastosowali metodę historyczną, polegającą na analizie i interpretacji istniejących źródeł oraz literatury. Biorąc pod uwagę fakt, że od czasów starożytnych do współczesności wkład aktywności fizycznej w kulturę jest niezaprzeczalny, musi być odpowiednio wspierany, aby mógł zaistnieć. Złożoność koncepcji oznacza, że nie można jej podsumować za pomocą pojedynczego wskaźnika, a ograniczone ramy artykułu wymagają od autorów skupienia się na wybranych elementach obecnych w świadomości i próbach ich identyfi kacji

The morphological and histochemical neurosecretory magnocellular system in the rat after administration of chlorpromazine

The effect of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the neurosecretory action of the hypothalamo- hypophyseal system was investigated in 72 male rats. The experimental animals received CPZ in a dose of 0.4 mg, 4.0 mg and 20.0 mg/kg b.w. for 30 days. The rats were sacrificed by decapitation at 24 h and 7 days after the last dose of the drug. The neurosecretory material was stained with paraldehyde fuchsin in the supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, eminentia mediana and neurohypophysis, the tigroid was stained with toluidine blue and the acid phosphatase activity was evaluated histoenzymatically. It was found that CPZ reduced the content of the neurosecretory material after 24 h, while an increase was observed 7 days after the last drug administration

Is the repair of articular cartilage lesion by costal chondrocyte transplantation donor age-dependent? An experimental study in rabbits.

The repair of chondral injuries is a very important problem and a subject of many experimental and clinical studies. Different techniques to induce articular cartilage repair are under investigation. In the present study, we have investigated whether the repair of articular cartilage folowing costal chondrocyte transplantation is donor age-dependent. Transplantation of costal chondrocytes from 4- and 24-week old donors, with artificially induced femoral cartilage lesion, was performed on fourteen 20-week-old New Zealand White male rabbits. In the control group, the lesion was left without chondrocyte transplantation. The evaluation of the cartilage repair was performed after 12 weeks of transplantation. We analyzed the macroscopic and histological appearance of the newly formed tissue. Immunohistochemistry was also performed using monoclonal antibodies against rabbit collagen type II. The newly formed tissue had a hyaline-like appearance in most of the lesions after chondrocyte transplantation. Positive immunohistochemical reaction for collagen II was also observed in both groups with transplanted chondrocytes. Cartilage from adult donors required longer isolation time and induced slightly poorer repair. However, hyaline-like cartilage was observed in most specimens from this group, in contrast to the control group, where fibrous connective tissue filled the lesions. Rabbit costal chondrocytes seem to be a potentially useful material for inducing articular cartilage repair and, even more important, they can also be derived from adult, sexually mature animals

A preliminary evaluation of thyroid and respiratory tract neuroendocrine cells in the rat after experimental hypercalcaemia

The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of experimentally induced hypercalcaemia (after 100000 UI Vigantol and CaCl2) on neuroendocrine cells (NECs) in the thyroid and airways in the rat. After 24 h, 7 days and 14 days the thyroid and lungs were collected. Paraffin sections were immunocytochemically stained with specific antibodies against CGRP, calcitonin (CT) and synaptophysin (SY) in the airway NECs and thyroid C cells. The largest hypercalcaemia were observed in experimental rats after 7 days. More significant changes in the number and size of neuroendocrine cells were observed in the thyroid gland as well as in the airways. In the airways only a slight increase in the number of neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) was observed, some of which gave evidence of hypertrophy symptoms

Dactinomycin-induced veno-occlusive disease in rats. The hepatoprotective action of amifostine. Evaluation in a light and electron microscope

The purpose of the study was to draw upan experimental model of hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) induced by dactinomycin (ACT) and to investigate the possible hepatoprotective effects of Ethyol (amifostine). Pathological changes corresponding to a VOD picture of varying intensification were found in the liver samples obtained from all the rats receiving ACT. Amifostine appears to act protectively to liver changes caused by dactinomycin

Rabbit articular cartilage defects treated with cultured costal chondrocytes (preliminary report)

An attempt to repair articular cartilage defects by costal chondrocytes transplantation was made. A full-thickness defect in the rabbit's femoral patellar groove was artificially made. Cultured costal cartilage chondrocytes were then transplanted into the defects and covered with periosteal flaps. Empty defects were used as the control group. Animals were divided into two groups (five rabbits each). They were examined after four and twelve weeks from the day of transplantation, respectively. The reparative tissue was evaluated by macroscopic and histological examinations. The reparative tissues in defects with transplanted chondrocytes had an hyaline-like cartilage appearance and were firmly attached to the surrounding normal cartilage. No trace of newly formed bone was detected. The reparative tissues found in defects that were left empty had a fibrous character. They were loosely connected to the surrounding cartilage and were more compliant than tissues from transplanted defects. Considering these initial findings, the ease of surgical procedures during the harvesting of the costal cartilage and few interventions into the joint make the costal cartilage a promising source of chondrocytes for transplantation. However, this needs to be confirmed on a larger scale over a longer period of time

Cannabinoids enhance gastric X/A-like cells activity.

It has been reported that cannabinoids may cause overeating in humans and in laboratory animals. Although, endogenous cannabinoids and their receptors (CB1) have been found in the hypothalamus, and recently also in gastrointestinal tract, the precise mechanism of appetite control by cannabinoids remains unknown. Recently, ghrelin--a hormone secreted mainly from the stomach X/A-like cells was proposed to be an appetite stimulating agent. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the influence of a single ip injection of a stable analogue of endogenous cannabinoid--anandamide, R-(+)-methanandamide (2.5 mg/kg) and CP 55,940 (0.25 mg/kg), an exogenous agonist of CB1 receptors, on ghrelin plasma concentration and on ghrelin immunoreactivity in the gastric mucosa of male Wistar rats. Four hours after a single injection of both cannabinoids or vehicle, the animals were anaesthetized and blood was taken from the abdominal aorta to determinate plasma ghrelin concentration by RIA. Subsequently, the animals underwent resection of distal part of stomach. Immunohistochemical study of gastric mucosa, using the EnVision method and specific monoclonal antibodies against ghrelin was performed. The intensity of ghrelin immunoreactivity in X/A-like cells was analyzed using Olympus Cell D image analysis system. The attenuation of ghrelin-immunoreactivity of gastric mucosa, after a single injection of R-(+)-methanandamide and CP 55,940 was accompanied by a significant increase of ghrelin plasma concentration. These results indicate that stimulation of appetite exerted by cannabinoids may be connected with an increase of ghrelin secretion from gastric X/A-like cells

Estimation of gastric ghrelin-positive cells activity in hyperthyroid rats.

Ghrelin is a peptide of 28 amino acids that transmits appetite related signals from peripheral organs to the brain. The main source of ghrelin is stomach. The regulation of ghrelin secretion is still unknown. The finding that fasting and food intake, respectively increase and decrease the secretion of ghrelin suggests that this hormone may be a bridge connecting somatic growth with energy metabolism and appears to play an important role in the alteration of energy homeostasis and body weight in pathophisiological conditions. The purpose of this study was the evaluation of gastric ghrelin immunoreactivity and ghrelin plasma concentration in male Wistar rats with hyperthyroidism. Experimental model of hyperthyroidism was induced by intraperitoneal injection of levothyroxine at the dose of 80 microg/kg daily over 21 days. At the end of experiment the animals were anaesthetized, blood was taken from abdominal aorta to determinate plasma ghrelin concentration by RIA and then the animals underwent resection of distal part of stomach. Immunohistochemical study were performed using monoclonal specific antybodies against ghrelin. Hyperthyroidism was a reason of increase of gastric mucosal ghrelin - immunoreactivity, accompanied by a significant decreased of ghrelin plasma concentration. Those observations may indicate, that chronic administration of L-thyroxine cause the change of ghrelin plasma concentration in rats, probably via direct influence on gastric X/A-like cells, but this effect is not responsible for hyperphagia associated with hyperthyroidism