85 research outputs found

    Regional Variety of Biotechnology Development in Asia

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    AbstractToday's biotechnology is widely regarded as a one of the most important sectors of the technology, a new wave of knowledge- based economy. It is characterized by innovation and a very fast pace of development, which is connected with the involvement of highly qualified specialists, research centers, varied sources of information, investments, as well as interconnections to guarantee the flow of information. Potentially, biotechnology has a wide range of applications, such as the food industry, production of genetically modified organisms, pharmaceutics, healthcare, detergents and bioremediation, forestry and agriculture. There is a huge variety in the world when it comes to the structure and space where the biotech development occurs. According to the collected data, there is an obvious dominant role of highly developed countries such as the United States and European countries: the UK, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Sweden as well as Canada. Nevertheless the dynamic expansion of biotechnology occurs in new centers of biotech development in eastern European countries such as Lithuania and Slovakia as well as in Asian countries, including Turkey, India, South Korea and Japan. Furthermore, biotech development is determined by several factors. A distance from scientific centers, location of universities, financial sources and international cooperation must be taken into consideration. Country policies also come as the major determinants. With the Internet and common access to a very sophisticated piece of information and a very fast-developing technology, it's even easier for the biotech to make a step forward

    Competitiveness of industrial enterprises in Poland against the background of other EU countries – regional approach

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    Praca recenzowana / peer reviewed paperW warunkach budowy gospodarki opartej na wiedzy i przechodzenia do fazy informacyjnej rozwoju cywilizacyjnego proces restrukturyzacji przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych w Polsce, związany z przechodzeniem od gospodarki centralnie sterowanej do gospodarki opartej na regułach rynkowych, powinien zmierzać w kierunku podniesienia ich konkurencyjności na rynku krajowym, europejskim i światowym. Proces ten zachodzi pod wpływem różnorodnych uwarunkowań, które można podzielić na zewnętrzne i wewnętrzne. Uwarunkowania zewnętrzne związane są przed wszystkim z nasilającymi się procesami globalizacji gospodarki światowej, w tym rozwoju i wzrostu znaczenia korporacji międzynarodowych, procesami integracyjnym, wśród których, z punktu widzenia polskich przedsiębiorstw, istotne znaczenie ma proces integracji europejskiej oraz w ostatnich latach impulsów związanych z kryzysem finansowym i recesją w światowej gospodarce. Uwarunkowania zewnętrze związane są także z regulacjami krajowymi, które wpływają na funkcjonowanie przedsiębiorstw, w szczególności z procesami prywatyzacji przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych i programami restrukturyzacji wybranych sektorów przemysłu wdrażanych od początku transformacji systemowej. Autorzy podjęli próbę oceny, na ile podejmowane działania restrukturyzacyjne oraz zmiana uwarunkowań zewnętrznych wpłynęły na konkurencyjność przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych w Polsce. Analiza jest dokonana w układzie regionalnym, tj. wg województw, w oparciu o szereg wybranych mierników potencjału przemysłowego i wskaźników obrazujących pozycję konkurencyjną przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem tych związanych z innowacyjnością. Porównanie podstawowych wskaźników w tym zakresie z innymi krajami UE pozwoli na ocenę na ile procesy transformacji polskich przedsiębiorstw pozwoliły na podniesienie ich pozycji konkurencyjnej w stosunku do przedsiębiorstw z innych krajów Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej oraz z krajów wysokorozwiniętych gospodarczo Europy Zachodniej

    Rozwój biotechnologii w miastach wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej

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    Nowadays biotechnolog/ industry is „the next big issue” after the boom in the IT sector. Bio- technology is characterised by innovation, wide application rangę and progress generation in other branches of basie Sciences. In Europę the beginnings of biotechnology sector development datę back to the end of 70s of the 20th century and are associated with the appearance of a great number of smali and medium-sized enterprises related to research and scientific institutions. Therefore, biotechnology develops not only in big cities but also in the rural regions (e.g. agricultural regions).The aim of this article is to analyse spatial yariation of biotechnology development as a key high-tech sector in some European countries. This spatial arrangement will be reviewed in relation to the structure of the settlement network.Współcześnie przemysł biotechnologiczny postrzegany jest jako najważniejszy i najszybciej rozwijający sie sektor gospodarki wysokich technologii. Przemysł ten cechują innowacyjność, szeroki zakres aplikacji i generowania postępu w innych dziedzinach nauk podstawowych. W Europie początki sektora biotechnologii sięgają końca lat 70. XX w. i są związane z pojawieniem sie dużej liczby małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw związanych z  instytucjami badawczymi i  naukowymi. Rozwój biotechnologii następuje zatem nie tylko w dużych miastach, ale również w regionach wiejskich (np. regiony rolnicze). Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zmienności przestrzennego rozwoju biotechnologii jako kluczowego sektora high-tech w  wybranych krajach europejskich. Układ przestrzenny zostanie zweryfikowany w odniesieniu do struktury sieci osadniczej

    The Composition of the Cuticular and Internal Free Fatty Acids and Alcohols from Lucilia sericata Males and Females

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    GC, GC–MS, and HPLC–LLSD analyses were used to identify and quantify cuticular and internal lipids in males and females of the blow-fly (Lucilia sericata). Sixteen free fatty acids, seven alcohols and cholesterol were identified and quantitatively determined in the cuticular lipids of L. sericata. Cuticular fatty acids ranged from C6 to C20 and included unsaturated entities such as 16:1n-9, 18:1n-9, 20:4n-3 and 20:5n-3. Cuticular alcohols (only saturated and even-numbered) ranged from C12 to C20 in males and C10 to C22 in females. Only one sterol was found in the cuticular lipids of both males and females. 23 free fatty acids, five alcohols and cholesterol were identified in the internal lipids. Internal fatty acids were present in large amounts—7.4 mg/g (female) and 10.1 mg/g (male). Only traces of internal alcohols (from C14 to C26 in males, from C14 to C22 in females) were found in L. sericata. Large amounts of internal cholesterol were identified in L. sericata males and females (0.49 and 0.97 mg/g of the insect body, respectively)

    Proces kształtowania się korporacji ponadnarodowej Google

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    The formation process of any multinational corporation is driven by mechanisms of competition within global markets. In this modern era of knowledge there is an intensive development of high technology industries, mainly software, which play important roles in the various stages of processing and creation of innovative products and services. The history of Google goes back to 1995 when its founders - Sergey Brin and Larry Page met at Stanford University in California. On 7th September 1998, Google Inc. was officially incorporated. In 2001 Eric Smidt became Chief Executive Officer. In their twelve years of existence, the company maintained major development and was at the forefront of the development of software industry standards. The most profitable and constantly developing services of the corporation are the search engine, which represents more than 80% of the total search market and the advertising services such as AdWords and AdSense. However, the company diversifies its products and systematically enters into new markets in order to comprehensively meet the needs of its customers. Its diversification includes web applications, enterprise services and the market of mobile devices. The various departments of the corporation are located in 70 cities across 39 countries, usually in the capitals of these countries or, if not, in other large cities, which are associated with major public markets. The headquarters of Google is located in Mountain View, California. Most of the departments - twenty three, are located throughout North America and Europe. There are also 16 departments based in Asia. Individual countries have a varying degree of presence of Google offices, the largest being the United States with nineteen, whilst three are located in Poland, in Warsaw, Cracow and Wroclaw. Google has formed an organizational structure whose main task is to improve its competitiveness. Business development strategy is based on innovation, human potential and high quality standards and its mission is to „organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful”. With an effective strategy, Google breaks records in the number of acquired companies. The Corporation has an unusual and interesting organizational culture, which, due to concern for the well-being of employees, ensures high performance. Google’s philosophy is that of developing young, talented individuals capable of self-realization, thus creating a basis for development. In 2009 Google found itself in fourth position in the ranking of “100 Best Companies to Work For” in “Fortune Magazine”. By being faithful to its philosophy and strategy for success, Google has become part of a reality, without which some cannot imagine life. As the company is constantly expanding the range of its services and introducing innovative solutions, it is reasonable to assume that the process of the corporation’s development will be maintained

    The dynamics of the economic potential of the multinational corporation Google in years 2001−2009

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    The predominant role played by the multinational corporations comes as a result of the globalization processes. These corporations can be distinguished by their significant economic potential which is often greater than the economic potential of many countries. The Google corporation was established in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin. Due to their strategy based on innovation, human potential and high quality standards, Google has developed rapidly and became a leader in cloud computing and Internet search. According to the ranking conducted by The Global 2000 Magazine in 2009 Google was placed on 9th position out of 123 computing corporations. When it comes to its market value, Google has taken 3rd position after Microsoft and Apple. As a result of the analysis of their economic potential between 2001−2009, based on revenue, profit, assets, market value and the number of employees, we can identify three phases in the company’s development. The initial period in years 2001−2004 was characterised by the growth of the output and strengthening of the position in economic rankings. The years 2004−2007 can be described as a period of rapid development of the company. In years 2007−2009 the growth tendencies varied due to the economic crisis in the world. Google involvement in the exchange market in 2004 was the trigger for activating the growth of company’s profited assets which in result positively affected the other factors. Since this improvement in 2004, until 2009 there has been a triple growth of the market value and twelvefold growth of the company’s assets and revenue. Moreover, the profits of the company grew 16 times which moved Google from 904 to 120 position in The Global 2000 Magazine rankings of 2000 biggest companies. According to the presented facts and figures, it can be stated that in the era of globalization, the development of the innovative Google company, similarly to other multinational corporations, will be sustained

    Senate of the Republic of Poland in the light of the Constitution of 2 April 1997. - genesis of the adopted model and political position

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    Praca przedstawia proces ugruntowywania się pozycji Senatu w III Rzeczypospolitej, od 1989 r., aż do uchwalenia obecnie obowiązującej Konstytucji z 1997 r. Jej celem jest również próba odpowiedzi na pytanie czy zastosowane regulacje względem instytucji Senatu służą podniesieniu jakości stanowionego prawa oraz czy Senat w obecnym kształcie wykorzystuje w pełni potencjał jaki niesie za sobą dwuizbowość. Rozważania nad optymalizacją obecnych rozwiązań wynikają z faktu, iż większość publikacji naukowych poświęconych zagadnieniu dwuizbowości obejmuje zaledwie analizę prawną kompetencji i pozycji obu izb, pomijając ich praktyczne funkcjonowanie. Asumptem do powstania pracy była również bezprecedensowa sytuacja obecnej kadencji Senatu, w której to po raz pierwszy opozycja posiada większość. Pierwszy rozdział poświęcony jest procesowi odrodzenia i stabilizowania się Senatu w III RP. Szczególnie dużo miejsca poświecono opisowi debaty o strukturze parlamentu wśród różnych środowisk, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem tej w Sejmie i Senacie. Opisane w kolejnym rozdziale modele i rozwiązania zastosowane w innych współczesnych państwach stanowią punkt wyjścia do rozważań na temat tych implementowanych w Polsce. Rozdział drugi zawiera także przedstawienie konkretnych uprawnień, w które wyposażony jest Senat. Ostatni natomiast, poświęcony jest propozycjom modyfikacji oraz ocenie współczesnego modelu. W pracy wykorzystano analizę aktów prawnych obowiązujących w Polsce, a także innych krajach celem porównania pozycji prawno-ustrojowej polskiej izby wyższej z odpowiadającymi jej instytucjami w innych systemach prawnych. Metodą badawczą zastosowaną w niniejszej pracy była również obserwacja praktyki funkcjonowania obecnej kadencji Sejmu i Senatu oraz analiza statystyk procesu ustawodawczego.The work presents the process of establishing the position of the Senate in the Third Republic of Poland, from 1989 until the passing of the currently binding Constitution of 1997. Its aim is also to try to answer the question whether the regulations applied to the Senate institutions serve to improve the quality of lawmaking and whether the Senate in its current form makes full use of the potential of bicameralism. Considerations on the optimization of the current solutions result from the fact that the majority of scientific publications devoted to the issue of bicameralism only include a legal analysis of the competences and position of both chambers, omitting their practical functioning. The work was also prompted by the unprecedented situation of the current Senate's term, in which for the first time the opposition holds a majority. The first chapter is devoted to the process of rebirth and stabilisation of the Senate in the Third Republic. Particular attention was devoted to the description of the debate on the structure of parliament among various circles, with particular emphasis on that in the Sejm and Senate. The models and solutions described in the next chapter, as well as those applied in other contemporary countries, are a starting point for the discussion on those implemented in Poland. The second chapter also contains a presentation of the specific powers that the Senate is equipped with. The last chapter, is devoted to proposals for modification and evaluation of the contemporary model. The paper uses an analysis of legal acts in force in Poland, as well as in other countries, to compare the legal and constitutional position of the Polish upper house with corresponding institutions in other legal systems. The research method used in this paper was also to observe the practice of functioning of the current term of the Sejm and Senate and to analyze statistics of the legislative process

    Spatial concentration of the economic activity of the multinational corporation Google in years 2006–2010

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    The predominant role played by multinational corporations comes as a result of the globalization process. In the modern era of knowledge, we observe intensive development of high technology industries, mainly computer science. The IT corporations are looking for the effective locations for their offices. This article presents an analysis of the changes in the spatial structure of the economic potential of the Google corporation in years 2006–2010.Google was established in 1998. Since then, it has developed rapidly and become a leader in computing and Internet search. 73 departments of the corporation are located in 43 countries, usually in the capitals of these countries or in rather large cities, which are associated with major public markets. The leading actors are 26 departments located in Europe and 24 departments located in the North America. The headquarters of Google is located in Mountain View, California. Individual countries have varying degree of presence of Google offices, the greatest number being located in the United States – 20, whilst 3 are located in Poland: in Warsaw, Cracow and Wroclaw.The economic potential of Google has been concentrated in three areas: the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries. In years 2006–2010, the value of profits in each area increased; the most dynamic growth was noticed in other countries. In years 2007–2010, the value of assets had the same growth tendencies. Judging by its economic potential, it is said that Google is developing rapidly, especially outside the United States. It is caused by the fact that the American market is already controlled and new markets all over the world are searched for and explored

    Zastosowanie analizy falkowej w diagnostyce silnika spalinowego

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    Praca pokazuje możliwości zastosowania analizy falkowej do diagnostyki silnika spalinowego w oparciu o sygnały wibroakustyczne. Zastosowanie analizy falkowej w diagnostyce bazującej na sygnałach wibroakustycznych daje nowe perspektywy zastosowań diagnostycznych. Badania zaprezentowane w pracy dotyczą stanu silnika przed i po remoncie. Wstępne badania pokazują na zróżnicowanie wykresów czasowo-częstotliwościowych współczynników transformaty falkowej. Docelowa diagnostyka bazująca na falkach powinna być diagnostyką on-line uzupełniającą standardowe diagnostyki pokładowe OBD. W tym celu należy oprzeć się nie tylko na analizie skalogramów i obrazów czasowo-przestrzennego rozkładu współczynników transformat falkowych, ale również na wyborze parametrów istotnych diagnostycznie nadających się do szybkiej analizy on-line bazując na dekompozycji wielorozdzielczej
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