Reinventing the Russian monarchy in the 1550s: Ivan the Terrible, the dynasty, and the church

Reinventing the Russian Monarchy in the 1550s: Ivan the Terrible, the Dynasty, and the Church by Sergei Bogatyrev This article focuses on the political and cultural priorities of the Daniilovichi dynasty in the middle of the sixteenth century. In the late 1540s to 1550s Ivan IV faced two interrelated challenges: strengthening the prestige of the dynasty and securing succession for his heir. Using the relations with the Orthodox East, the court functionaries, apparently actively supported by Ivan, launched an ambitious dynastic project which was focused on the antiquity of the Muscovite dynasty, the confirmation of Ivan's title of tsar by the patriarch, and the commemoration of members of the dynasty in ancient ccntres of Orthodoxy. The 'Greek project' of Ivan the Terrible was a major step in turning the Muscovite monarchy into a dynastic state

Novgorod

Novgorod’s crucial positioning between the Baltic and the north-eastern Rus principalities yielded a textual culture that was highly distinctive, especially in its use of birchbark documents, yet widely connected. This chapter examines cultural exchange and creative writing in Novgorod in the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries by focusing on the work of various scriptoria which produced liturgical books, local chronicles and devotional literature. The paper also discusses the interaction of various literary traditions in the birchbark documents

Novgorodian Regnal Lists: A Reconsideration

The paper offers a reinterpretation of the princely lists from the Novgorodian chronicle as the earliest dynastic statements in East Slavic literatur

The Early Patronage of the Cult of SS. Boris and Gleb

This paper examines the patronage of the cult of SS. Boris and Gleb through the reign of Volodimir Monomakh (r. 1113-1125) by using textual criticism, memory studies, and works on medieval Christian materiality. It revisits the chronology of the main texts on SS. Boris and Gleb (the Primary Chronicle, two hagiographical tales and Nestor's Lesson concerning the life and murder of the saints); the Primary Chronicle contaminated the hagiographical works that were written under Monomakh. This textual analysis offers a new perspective on the patronage of the cult. There were many factors that stimulated the emergence of the cult in the 1070s, including the threat of nomadic raids, inter-princely conflicts, and the aspirations of clerical communities to enhance their spiritual glory, augment their wealth, and address issues of historical memory. The promotion of the cult was therefore a collective effort of the princely and clerical elites. Among the clerical promoters of the cult were the metropolitan's see, monastic communities, and the local clergy in Smolensk and Vyshhorod. The patronage of the cult crossed institutional boundaries as different groups of patrons promoted their interests during the commemoration of the royal martyrs. Royalty sponsored the building and decoration of churches dedicated to the saints. The metropolitan's see initiated the gathering of information on miracles performed by the saints, organised their liturgical commemoration, and used the cult for mediating princely politics. The cult was also affected by a revision of the memory of Iaroslav Volodimirovich (r. 1019-1054) during the reign of his grandson Volodimir Monomakh. As part of this revision, monastic hagiographers created stories about Iaroslav establishing and patronising the cult of the saints. The myth of Iaroslav's patronage validated Monomakh's commemorative activities and appealed to other descendants of Iaroslav as potential sponsors of the cult

Memory and Politics in the Chronicle Lists of Princes, 12th–15th Centuries

This paper examines the lists of princes that can be found in the East Slavic chronicles compiled from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, including the Primary Chronicle and the Novgorodian chronicles. For the first time in the historiography, this work studies the corpus of princely lists as distinctive texts with specific cultural functions. The lists of princes were not reference tools but rather charters that validated political arrangements and shaped collective identities. On the basis of textual and formal analysis, the article demonstrates that the chronicle lists of princes legitimised kingship and served as a form of recorded collective memory for members of princely families and their Novgorodian allies. In a group of princely lists from the first half of the fifteenth century, the genealogical concepts of the Riurikid and Danilovichi dynasties appeared for the first time in East Slavic literature. These concepts reflected intensified contacts among literati in the East Slavic republic of letters and political changes caused by the expansionism of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the growth of the principalities of Moscow and Tver’

The Resignation of Metropolitan Afanasii in 1566

This article offers a new perspective on the relations between Ivan the Terrible and the Orthodox Church by examining the cultural and anthropological context of the resignation of Metropolitan Afanasii in 1566. Historians usually think that Afanasii, who headed the Orthodox Church from 1564 to 1566, resigned because of his disapproval of the Oprichnina terror. Correspondingly, most historians are skeptical about the official reason for Afanasii's resignation, his illness. On the basis of a critical reassessment of existing sources from the perspective of Muscovite attitudes to illness, this paper argues that Afanasii's illness was genuine. At the same time, his illness and resignation included a performative component because Afanasii faced a dilemma: to stay in the metropolitan's office until his death as required by cultural conventions or to seek a spiritual cure for his illness through repentance and redemption. In his response to this cultural challenge, Afanasii evoked the themes of miraculous healing and glorifying God through creative work by resorting to the cults of his most venerated predecessors on the metropolitan's see

INTERVALS OPTIMIZATION OF SYSTEMS INFORMATION SECURITY INSPECTION

A Markov model is suggested for secure information systems, functioning under conditions of destructive impacts, which aftereffects are found by on-line and test control. It is assumed that on-line control, in contrast to the test one, is char- acterized by the limited control completeness, but does not require the stopping of computational process. The aim of re- search is to create models that optimize intervals of test control initialization by the criterion of probability maximization for system stay in the ready state to secure fulfillment of the functional requests and minimization of the dangerous system states in view of the uncertainty and intensity variance of the destructive impacts. Variants of testing intervals optimization are con- sidered depending on the intensity of destructive impacts by the criterion of the maximum system availability for the safe execution of queries. Optimization is carried out with and without adaptation to the actual intensity change of destructive impacts. The efficiency of adaptive change for testing periods is shown depending on the observed activity of destructive impacts. The solution of optimization problem is obtained by built-in tools of computer mathematics Mathcad 15, including symbolic mathematics for solution of systems of algebraic equations. The proposed models and methods of determining the optimal testing intervals can find their application in the system design of computer systems and networks of critical applications, working under conditions of destabilizing actions with the increased requirements for their safety

Updating of physical activity trained on the basis of lessons by professional and applied physical training

Transition of system of sports education to new standards of the third generation is the effective tool for updating of physical activity trained on the basis of lessons by professional and applied physical training. The approaches to development of the leading physical qualities promoting not only are shown to more successful mastering a profession, but also formation of competence of the athletes who are engaged in applied types of single combats in article. In the sphere of physical culture competence provides success in mastering various means of professional and applied physical training of young athletes. By results of the skilled pilot study organized by the author in work reduced forms of combinations of development of competence of the young athletes who are engaged in professional and applied types of single combats with other types of professional activityПереход системы физкультурного образования на новые стандарты третьего поколения является эффективным инструментом для актуализации двигательной активности обучающихся на основе занятий профессионально-прикладной физической подготовкой. В статье показаны подходы к развитию ведущих физических качеств, способствующие не только более успешному овладению профессией, но и формированию компетентности спортсменов, занимающихся прикладными видами единоборств. В сфере физической культуры компетентность обеспечивает успешность в овладении различными средствами профессионально-прикладной физической подготовки юных спортсменов. По результатам организованного автором опытно-экспериментального исследования в работе приведены формы сочетаний развития компетентности юных спортсменов, занимающихся профессионально-прикладными видами единоборств с другими видами профессиональной деятельност

Metabolic multi-stability and hysteresis in a model aerobe-anaerobe microbiome community

Changes in the composition of the human microbiome are associated with health and disease. Some microbiome states persist in seemingly unfavorable conditions, e.g., the proliferation of aerobe-anaerobe communities in oxygen-exposed environments in wounds or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. However, it remains unclear how different stable microbiome states can exist under the same conditions, or why some states persist under seemingly unfavorable conditions. Here, using two microbes relevant to the human microbiome, we combine genome-scale mathematical modeling, bioreactor experiments, transcriptomics, and dynamical systems theory, to show that multi-stability and hysteresis (MSH) is a mechanism that can describe the shift from an aerobe-dominated state to a resilient, paradoxically persistent aerobe-anaerobe state. We examine the impact of changing oxygen and nutrient regimes and identify factors, including changes in metabolism and gene expression, that lead to MSH. When analyzing the transitions between the two states in this system, the familiar conceptual connection between causation and correlation is broken and MSH must be used to interpret the dynamics. Using MSH to analyze microbiome dynamics will improve our conceptual understanding of the stability of microbiome states and the transitions among microbiome states