Multifunctional sulfonium-based treatment for perovskite solar cells with less than 1% efficiency loss over 4,500-h operational stability tests

The stabilization of grain boundaries and surfaces of the perovskite layer is critical to extend the durability of perovskite solar cells. Here we introduced a sulfonium-based molecule, dimethylphenethylsulfonium iodide (DMPESI), for the post-deposition treatment of formamidinium lead iodide perovskite films. The treated films show improved stability upon light soaking and remains in the black α phase after two years ageing under ambient condition without encapsulation. The DMPESI-treated perovskite solar cells show less than 1% performance loss after more than 4,500 h at maximum power point tracking, yielding a theoretical T80 of over nine years under continuous 1-sun illumination. The solar cells also display less than 5% power conversion efficiency drops under various ageing conditions, including 100 thermal cycles between 25 °C and 85 °C and an 1,050-h damp heat test

Perovskite Solar Cells with Carbon-Based Electrodes – Quantification of Losses and Strategies to Overcome Them

Funder: UNIQUEFunder: National University of Ireland Travelling StudentshipFunder: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000266Funder: Cambridge Trust ScholarshipFunder: Robert Gardiner ScholarshipCarbon-based electrodes represent a promising approach to improve stability and up-scalability of perovskite photovoltaics. The temperature at which these contacts are processed defines the absorber grain size of the perovskite solar cell: in cells with low-temperature carbon-based electrodes (L-CPSCs), layer-by-layer deposition is possible, allowing perovskite crystals to be large (>100 nm), while in cells with high-temperature carbon-based contacts (H-CPSCs), crystals are constrained to 10-20 nm size. To enhance the power conversion efficiency of these devices, the main loss mechanisms were identified for both systems. Measurements of charge carrier lifetime, quasi-Fermi level splitting (QFLS) and light-intensity-dependent behavior, supported by numerical simulations, clearly demonstrate that H-CPSCs strongly suffer from non-radiative losses in the perovskite absorber, primarily due to numerous grain boundaries. In contrast, large crystals of L-CPSCs provide long carrier lifetime (1.8 µs) and exceptionally high QFLS of 1.21 eV for an absorber bandgap of 1.6 eV. These favorable characteristics explain the remarkable open-circuit voltage (VOC) of over 1.1 V in hole-selective layer-free L-CPSCs. However, the low photon absorption and poor charge transport in these cells limit their potential. Finally, effective strategies are provided to reduce non-radiative losses in H-CPSCs, transport losses in L-CPSCs and to improve photon management in both cell types.This work has been partially funded within the projects PROPER financed from the German Ministry of Education and Research under funding number 01DR19007 and UNIQUE supported under umbrella of SOLAR-ERA.NET_cofund by ANR, PtJ, MIUR, MINECO-AEI and SWEA, within the EU's HORIZON 2020 Research and Innovation Program (cofund ERA-NET Action No. 691664). D. B. acknowledges the scholarship support of the German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU) and S. Z. acknowledges the scholarship support of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). B.Y. and A.Ha. acknowledge the funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program ESPRESSO under the agreement No.: 764047. This work has also been partially funded by Swiss National Science Foundation with Project No. 200020_185041. T.D. acknowledges a National University of Ireland Travelling Studentship. K.F. acknowledges a George and Lilian Schiff Studentship, Winton Studentship, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) studentship, Cambridge Trust Scholarship, and Robert Gardiner Scholarship. S.S. acknowledges support from the Royal Society and Tata Group (UF150033). M.A. acknowledges funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No.841386. The authors would like to thank Maryamsadat Heydarian and Laura Stevens for their EQE and AFM measurements. The authors thank the EPSRC (EP/R023980/1) for funding

Perovskite Solar Cells with Carbon-Based Electrodes – Quantification of Losses and Strategies to Overcome Them

Funder: UNIQUEFunder: National University of Ireland Travelling StudentshipFunder: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000266Funder: Cambridge Trust ScholarshipFunder: Robert Gardiner ScholarshipCarbon-based electrodes represent a promising approach to improve stability and up-scalability of perovskite photovoltaics. The temperature at which these contacts are processed defines the absorber grain size of the perovskite solar cell: in cells with low-temperature carbon-based electrodes (L-CPSCs), layer-by-layer deposition is possible, allowing perovskite crystals to be large (>100 nm), while in cells with high-temperature carbon-based contacts (H-CPSCs), crystals are constrained to 10-20 nm size. To enhance the power conversion efficiency of these devices, the main loss mechanisms were identified for both systems. Measurements of charge carrier lifetime, quasi-Fermi level splitting (QFLS) and light-intensity-dependent behavior, supported by numerical simulations, clearly demonstrate that H-CPSCs strongly suffer from non-radiative losses in the perovskite absorber, primarily due to numerous grain boundaries. In contrast, large crystals of L-CPSCs provide long carrier lifetime (1.8 µs) and exceptionally high QFLS of 1.21 eV for an absorber bandgap of 1.6 eV. These favorable characteristics explain the remarkable open-circuit voltage (VOC) of over 1.1 V in hole-selective layer-free L-CPSCs. However, the low photon absorption and poor charge transport in these cells limit their potential. Finally, effective strategies are provided to reduce non-radiative losses in H-CPSCs, transport losses in L-CPSCs and to improve photon management in both cell types.This work has been partially funded within the projects PROPER financed from the German Ministry of Education and Research under funding number 01DR19007 and UNIQUE supported under umbrella of SOLAR-ERA.NET_cofund by ANR, PtJ, MIUR, MINECO-AEI and SWEA, within the EU's HORIZON 2020 Research and Innovation Program (cofund ERA-NET Action No. 691664). D. B. acknowledges the scholarship support of the German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU) and S. Z. acknowledges the scholarship support of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). B.Y. and A.Ha. acknowledge the funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program ESPRESSO under the agreement No.: 764047. This work has also been partially funded by Swiss National Science Foundation with Project No. 200020_185041. T.D. acknowledges a National University of Ireland Travelling Studentship. K.F. acknowledges a George and Lilian Schiff Studentship, Winton Studentship, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) studentship, Cambridge Trust Scholarship, and Robert Gardiner Scholarship. S.S. acknowledges support from the Royal Society and Tata Group (UF150033). M.A. acknowledges funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No.841386. The authors would like to thank Maryamsadat Heydarian and Laura Stevens for their EQE and AFM measurements. The authors thank the EPSRC (EP/R023980/1) for funding

МІКРОЦИРКУЛЯТОРНІ ЗМІНИ В ГНІЙНОГО-ЗАПАЛЬНОМУ ВОГНИЩІ У ХВОРИХ НА ЦУКРОВИЙ ДІАБЕТ 2 ТИПУ

The article presents the results of studying microcirculatory changes in 38 patients with necrotic-inflammatory complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which reliably indicate the effectiveness of their correction and regeneration of wounds with the help of drugs producing effect on microcirculation.В статье представлены результаты изучения микроциркуляторных изменений у 38 больных с гнойно-некротическими осложнениями сахарного диабета 2 типа, какие достоверно указывают на эфективность их коррекции и регенерации ран с помощью препаратов, которые влияют на микроциркуляцию.У статті представлені результати вивчення мікроциркуляторних змін у 38 хворих з гнійно-некротичними ускладненнями цукрового діабету 2 типу, які достовірно вказують на ефективність їх корекції та регенерації ран за допомогою препаратів, що впливають на мікроциркуляцію

Multifunctional sulfonium-based treatment for perovskite solar cells with less than 1% efficiency loss over 4,500-h operational stability tests

Stabilizing grain boundaries and surfaces of the perovskite layer is critical to extend device durability. Here we introduced an unexplored sulfonium-based molecule to post-treat formamidinium lead iodide perovskite films, which shows outstanding stability upon light soaking and remarkably remains in black-phase after 2 years ageing under ambient condition without encapsulation. The DMPESI-treated PSCs deliver a breakthrough record in operational stability of highly-efficient PSCs with less than 1% performance loss after more than 4500 h at maximum power point tracking, yielding a theoretical T80 of over 9 years under continuous 1-sun illumination. They also present less than 5% PCE drops under various ageing conditions (including thermal cycling and damp heat test)