In vivo1H-MR spectroscopy of the human heart

4. Conclusions: Combined respiratory and cardiac triggering improves the localization accuracy and spectral quality in cardiac1H-MRS dramatically leading to substantially increased spectral reproducibility. The best practical realization of double triggering turned out to be the use of the ECG amplitude when making use of the fact that it is modulated by respiration. In spite of the spectral quality achieved in most subjects, we still fail to record satisfactory spectra in a minority of subjects. The reasons for this are not understood at present but must be some particulars of either a given subject or the experimental setup. The cardiac1H-MR spectra contain quantifiable contributions from creatine, TMA, lipids, and probably taurine. It is possible that the spectral contributions of creatine are subject to dipolar coupling similar to the observations for skeletal muscl

Improved calibration procedures for the EM27/SUN spectrometers of the COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON)

In this study, an extension on the previously reported status of the COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network\u27s (COCCON) calibration procedures incorporating refined methods is presented. COCCON is a global network of portable Bruker EM27/SUN FTIR spectrometers for deriving column-averaged atmospheric abundances of greenhouse gases. The original laboratory open-path lamp measurements for deriving the instrumental line shape (ILS) of the spectrometer from water vapour lines have been refined and extended to the secondary detector channel incorporated in the EM27/SUN spectrometer for detection of carbon monoxide (CO). The refinements encompass improved spectroscopic line lists for the relevant water lines and a revision of the laboratory pressure measurements used for the analysis of the spectra. The new results are found to be in good agreement with those reported by Frey et al. (2019) and discussed in detail. In addition, a new calibration cell for ILS measurements was designed, constructed and put into service. Spectrometers calibrated since January 2020 were tested using both methods for ILS characterization, open-path (OP) and cell measurements. We demonstrate that both methods can detect the small variations in ILS characteristics between different spectrometers, but the results of the cell method indicate a systematic bias of the OP method. Finally, a revision and extension of the COCCON network instrument-to-instrument calibration factors for XCO2, XCO and XCH4 is presented, incorporating 47 new spectrometers (of 83 in total by now). This calibration is based on the reference EM27/SUN spectrometer operated by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and spectra collected by the collocated TCCON station Karlsruhe. Variations in the instrumental characteristics of the reference EM27/SUN from 2014 to 2017 were detected, probably arising from realignment and the dual-channel upgrade performed in early 2018. These variations are considered in the evaluation of the instrument-specific calibration factors in order to keep all tabulated calibration results consistent

Sprachpflege in der Schweiz

Ein Bericht über die Sprachpflege in der deutschen Schweiz muß beide Formen unserer Muttersprache ins Auge fassen: die Mundart und die Hochsprache. Umgangssprache als Zwischenschicht im Sinne eines besonderen Sprachkörpers gibt es kaum; wohl versehen die von allen Teilen der Bevölkerung gesprochenen Mundarten die Funktion der regionalen Umgangssprache, sie sind aber selbst keine solche: sie besitzen noch die dialektale Bindung an einen mehr oder minder fest umrissenen landschaftlichen Raum. Zwar läßt sich auch in der Umgangssprache der deutschen Länder das meiste von dem ausdrücken, was die Mundarten leisten, und zwar auf eine Weise, die ebenfalls einen heimatlichen Unterton aufweist, aber es ist nicht unsere Weise, es zu sagen: diese wird, allen Ausgleichstendenzen im Innern zum Trotz, gegen Außen als eine Sprache besonderen Zuschnitts empfunden, mag sich auch dieser nationale Aspekt wissenschaftlich nicht halten lassen, denn die alemannischen Mundarten decken sich nicht mit den staathchen Grenzen der Schweiz