Examination of welding distortion via applying thermal tensioning technique on austenitic stainless steels

Türk Deniz Kuvvetlerinin modernizasyonu kapsamında İstanbul Tersanesi Komutanlığı/Pendik’te, Alman Abeking&Rasmussen ve Lürssen firmalarının konsorsiyumu ile Aydın Sınıfı mayın avlama gemileri inşa edilmektedir. Aydın Sınıfı mayın avlama gemilerinin, genel olarak dünya bahriyesindeki mayın avlama gemilerinden farkı, bu sınıf gemi inşasında kullanılan ostenitik paslanmaz çeliklerdir. Hali hazırda bu çeliği, Alman, İtalyan ve Kanada donanmaları kullanmaktadırlar. Anılan çeliğin, mayın avlama gemilerindeki kullanım amacı, manyetik olmamaları, deniz suyu korozyonuna dayanımlı olmaları ve yüksek mukavemete sahip olmalarıdır. Ancak manyetik olmayan ostenitik paslanmaz çeliklerin, ısı iletimlerinin kötü, buna mukabil ısıl genleşmelerinin yüksek olması, bu çeliklerin kaynak sonrası distorsiyonlarının, diğer çeliklere oranla, daha fazla olmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu durum, kaynaklı parçaların montajları esnasında, birleştirme problemlerine yol açtığından, her kaynak işleminden sonra kaynaklı parçalar, alevle düzeltme işlemine tabi tutulmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, İstanbul Tersanesi Komutanlığı/Pendik’te imali devam eden Aydın Sınıfı mayın avlama gemilerinin kaynak işlemi sonrasında meydana gelen distorsiyonlarını en aza indirmek amaçlı, kaynak esnasında uygulanan ilave ısı girdisinin bir yöntem olarak uygulanabilirliğinin ispat edilmesidir. İskoçya Strathclyde Üniversitesi’nde yapılan deneyler sonucunda, kaynak esnasında parçaya ilave ısı girdisi verilerek, Isıl Gerilme Tekniği uygulanmasının, T kaynaklı parçalarda, ondüle şeklindeki (buckling) distorsiyonlarını önlediği ve açısal çarpılmaları azalttığı ispatlanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ostenitik paslanmaz çelik, ondüle distorsiyon, ısıl gerilme tekniği.Under the construction of German Mine Hunter Consortium (Abeking&Rasmussen and Lürssen), Istanbul Shipyard/Pendik is building Aydın Class Mine Countermeasures (MCM) Vessels for Turkish Navy. Aydın Class Mine Countermeasures (MCM) Vessels distinct from the other world navies because of their hull made of austenitic stainless steel. Nowadays, German, Italian and Canadian navies use this type of steel for ship hulls. Austenitic stainless steel has many advantages, like resistant to the corrosion of sea water, high yield point and non-magnetic structure. But these metals are having also disadvantages, like poor heat conductivity and high thermal expansivity. These disadvantages create more distortions than normal steels in welding conditions. Fittings of welded structure are very important section in shipbuilding, so geometry of welded structure need to be accurate. For straightening of distortions, flame straightening method is widely using in shipbuilding industry. Nowadays for quality products it is necessary to reduce price. Straightening of distortions via flame straightening method is more time, manpower and material consuming. So improving of straightening of distortions will be beneficial for budget of government. The aim of this thesis is to show benefits of usage of Thermal Tensioning Technique as a method of straightening of distortions for Aydın Class Mine Countermeasures (MCM) Vessels which are built at the Istanbul Shipyard/Pendik. Straightening of distortions via Thermal Tensioning Technique is examined for ship building industry as a preventing method with many academic researches. The stiffened panel made of austenitic stainless steel is used in the experiment of the Strathclyde University/Scotland. In specific condition under gas protection weld (MIG), thermal camera is used for distribution of heat, thermo couples are used for temperature measurement and laser appliance is used for distortion measurements. This paper focuses on the transient temperature fields created by the large heat inputs from arc welding which is the driving force for distortion in the plates. The use of a thermal imaging camera allows the thermal fields to be viewed on a whole-field basis. The use of a welding rig in this kind of investigation is essential as it allows parameters to be kept constant throughout. The moveable track is controlled by stepper motors such that the travel speed of the weld can be adjusted to a tenth of a millimeter per second. The torch is held static while the plate is pulled along at a constant speed by a series of pulleys and small stepper motors.  The welding machine was connected to the computer and so all parameters could be entered via the computer so that all the variables could be controlled. The camera was held in place with scaffolding and the tripod for the camera fixed to a bracket that allowed movement in all directions. The CCD thermal imaging camera used here was the ThermaCam SC500 from FLIR systems. The camera is able to provide thermo graphic images in the infrared spectrum from 3 to 12μm. Following initial tests with austenitic stainless steel plates the amount of background radiation reflected from the plate to the camera was seen to be high. This led to the painting of the plates with a high emissivity, two-part zinc silicate primer made up in two parts. To verify thermal images thermocouples were also present at distances of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100mm. The laser appliance is used for distortion measurements. All of austenitic stainless steel plates are scanned before welding and again after welding.  The data was used to compare the distortion effects under different restraint conditions. The distortion analysis was carried out using an automated laser scanner which was programmed to cover the whole plate recording data at intervals throughout the scan. The surface deformation data obtained from Labview program was evaluated on the graphics.  Austenitic stainless steel plates are tested under four conditions. These are free welding, restrained welding, restrained and additional heat input welding, free and additional heat input welding. As a result, the experiments in Strathclyde University proved that Thermal Tensioning Technique prevent buckling distortions and improves angular distortions on stiffened welded plates. Usage of Thermal Tensioning Technique for Aydın Class Mine Countermeasures (MCM) Vessels and also other type of ship building industry is additional benefit and assistance for economy. Keywords: Austenitic stainless steels, buckling distortions, thermal tensioning technique

Examination of welding distortion via applying thermal tensioning technique on austenitic stainless steels

Türk Deniz Kuvvetlerinin modernizasyonu kapsamında İstanbul Tersanesi Komutanlığı/Pendik’te, Alman Abeking&Rasmussen ve Lürssen firmalarının konsorsiyumu ile Aydın Sınıfı mayın avlama gemileri inşa edilmektedir. Aydın Sınıfı mayın avlama gemilerinin, genel olarak dünya bahriyesindeki mayın avlama gemilerinden farkı, bu sınıf gemi inşasında kullanılan ostenitik paslanmaz çeliklerdir. Hali hazırda bu çeliği, Alman, İtalyan ve Kanada donanmaları kullanmaktadırlar. Anılan çeliğin, mayın avlama gemilerindeki kullanım amacı, manyetik olmamaları, deniz suyu korozyonuna dayanımlı olmaları ve yüksek mukavemete sahip olmalarıdır. Ancak manyetik olmayan ostenitik paslanmaz çeliklerin, ısı iletimlerinin kötü, buna mukabil ısıl genleşmelerinin yüksek olması, bu çeliklerin kaynak sonrası distorsiyonlarının, diğer çeliklere oranla, daha fazla olmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu durum, kaynaklı parçaların montajları esnasında, birleştirme problemlerine yol açtığından, her kaynak işleminden sonra kaynaklı parçalar, alevle düzeltme işlemine tabi tutulmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, İstanbul Tersanesi Komutanlığı/Pendik’te imali devam eden Aydın Sınıfı mayın avlama gemilerinin kaynak işlemi sonrasında meydana gelen distorsiyonlarını en aza indirmek amaçlı, kaynak esnasında uygulanan ilave ısı girdisinin bir yöntem olarak uygulanabilirliğinin ispat edilmesidir. İskoçya Strathclyde Üniversitesi’nde yapılan deneyler sonucunda, kaynak esnasında parçaya ilave ısı girdisi verilerek, Isıl Gerilme Tekniği uygulanmasının, T kaynaklı parçalarda, ondüle şeklindeki (buckling) distorsiyonlarını önlediği ve açısal çarpılmaları azalttığı ispatlanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ostenitik paslanmaz çelik, ondüle distorsiyon, ısıl gerilme tekniği.Under the construction of German Mine Hunter Consortium (Abeking&Rasmussen and Lürssen), Istanbul Shipyard/Pendik is building Aydın Class Mine Countermeasures (MCM) Vessels for Turkish Navy. Aydın Class Mine Countermeasures (MCM) Vessels distinct from the other world navies because of their hull made of austenitic stainless steel. Nowadays, German, Italian and Canadian navies use this type of steel for ship hulls. Austenitic stainless steel has many advantages, like resistant to the corrosion of sea water, high yield point and non-magnetic structure. But these metals are having also disadvantages, like poor heat conductivity and high thermal expansivity. These disadvantages create more distortions than normal steels in welding conditions. Fittings of welded structure are very important section in shipbuilding, so geometry of welded structure need to be accurate. For straightening of distortions, flame straightening method is widely using in shipbuilding industry. Nowadays for quality products it is necessary to reduce price. Straightening of distortions via flame straightening method is more time, manpower and material consuming. So improving of straightening of distortions will be beneficial for budget of government. The aim of this thesis is to show benefits of usage of Thermal Tensioning Technique as a method of straightening of distortions for Aydın Class Mine Countermeasures (MCM) Vessels which are built at the Istanbul Shipyard/Pendik. Straightening of distortions via Thermal Tensioning Technique is examined for ship building industry as a preventing method with many academic researches. The stiffened panel made of austenitic stainless steel is used in the experiment of the Strathclyde University/Scotland. In specific condition under gas protection weld (MIG), thermal camera is used for distribution of heat, thermo couples are used for temperature measurement and laser appliance is used for distortion measurements. This paper focuses on the transient temperature fields created by the large heat inputs from arc welding which is the driving force for distortion in the plates. The use of a thermal imaging camera allows the thermal fields to be viewed on a whole-field basis. The use of a welding rig in this kind of investigation is essential as it allows parameters to be kept constant throughout. The moveable track is controlled by stepper motors such that the travel speed of the weld can be adjusted to a tenth of a millimeter per second. The torch is held static while the plate is pulled along at a constant speed by a series of pulleys and small stepper motors.  The welding machine was connected to the computer and so all parameters could be entered via the computer so that all the variables could be controlled. The camera was held in place with scaffolding and the tripod for the camera fixed to a bracket that allowed movement in all directions. The CCD thermal imaging camera used here was the ThermaCam SC500 from FLIR systems. The camera is able to provide thermo graphic images in the infrared spectrum from 3 to 12μm. Following initial tests with austenitic stainless steel plates the amount of background radiation reflected from the plate to the camera was seen to be high. This led to the painting of the plates with a high emissivity, two-part zinc silicate primer made up in two parts.  To verify thermal images thermocouples were also present at distances of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100mm. The laser appliance is used for distortion measurements. All of austenitic stainless steel plates are scanned before welding and again after welding.  The data was used to compare the distortion effects under different restraint conditions.  The distortion analysis was carried out using an automated laser scanner which was programmed to cover the whole plate recording data at intervals throughout the scan. The surface deformation data obtained from Labview program was evaluated on the graphics.  Austenitic stainless steel plates are tested under four conditions. These are free welding, restrained welding, restrained and additional heat input welding, free and additional heat input welding. As a result, the experiments in Strathclyde University proved that Thermal Tensioning Technique prevent buckling distortions and improves angular distortions on stiffened welded plates. Usage of Thermal Tensioning Technique for Aydın Class Mine Countermeasures (MCM) Vessels and also other type of ship building industry is additional benefit and assistance for economy. Keywords: Austenitic stainless steels, buckling distortions, thermal tensioning technique.&nbsp

Challenging empowerment: AIDS-affected southern African children and the need for a multi-level relational approach

Critics of empowerment have highlighted the concept's mutability, focus on individual transformation, one-dimensionality and challenges of operationalisation. Relating these critiques to children's empowerment raises new challenges. Drawing on scholarship on children's subjecthood and exercise of power, alongside empirical research with children affected by AIDS, I argue that empowerment envisaged as individual self-transformation and increased capacity to act independently offers little basis for progressive change. Rather it is essential to adopt a relational approach that recognises the need to transform power relationships at multiple levels. This analysis has implications for our wider understanding of empowerment in the 21st century. © The Author(s) 2013.This research was funded by DFID

Communicating brand biographies effectively: the role of communication source

Although brands increasingly disseminate their brand biographies through brand sources, this research shows that this practice can decrease brand attitudes and consumer preferences. A brand source activates consumers’ persuasion knowledge, increasing negative thoughts and impeding narrative transportation into the brand biography. This research furthermore demonstrates that the negative impact of a brand source in the dissemination of brand biographies depends on self-congruence, such that a detrimental effect on consumer attitudes and preferences occurs when the brand biography is incongruent with consumer's self-concept, but is mitigated when the brand biography is self-congruent. These findings suggest that the dissemination of brand biographies by brand sources requires consideration of source and congruence effects

When Should Private Label Brands Endorse Ethical Attributes?

Ethical attributes (i.e., product attributes that reflect social and environmental issues) do not always increase product evaluations and choice. This article examines whether ethical attributes differentially affect evaluations of retailers’ private label brands (PLBs) and manufacturers’ national brands (NBs). Two experiments show that ethical attributes enhance consumer evaluations of PLBs (but not NBs) in the presence of extrinsic cues signalling high quality (i.e., high price). In the context of extrinsic cues signalling low quality, (i.e., low price), an ethical attribute hurts PLB (but not NB) evaluations. This effect is mediated by consumers’ product quality perceptions. A third experiment replicates these effects of ethical attribute presence on PLB evaluations in the context of retailer reputation serving as an extrinsic cue, and shows a moderating effect of consumers’ resource synergy beliefs. Overall, these results suggest that PLBs benefit from offering ethical attributes in the context of higher-priced PLBs or higher retailer reputation

Ethical attribute and brand concept congruity enhances brand evaluations

Purpose: This research examines to what extent congruity between ethical attributes (i.e., product attributes with positive implications for the environment, human rights, social issues, and animal welfare) and brand concept (i.e., the unique meaning associated with a brand in consumers’ minds) influences consumers’ evaluations of brands offering ethical attributes. Design/methodology/approach: Four studies involving North American consumers empirically tested the moderation effect of brand concept on consumer evaluations of ethical attributes and the mediating role of perceived congruity. Findings: This research finds an interactive effect of ethical attribute type and brand concept on brand evaluations, such that congruent ethical attribute-brand concept pairings (i.e., a utilitarian [symbolic] ethical attribute offered by a brand with a utilitarian [symbolic] brand concept) result in more favorable brand evaluations (Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4). Consumers’ perceptions of congruity between ethical attributes and brand concepts mediate this interactive effect (Studies 2 and 3). Moreover, a positive congruity effect of ethical attributes and brand concepts emerges at higher levels of conspicuous brand consumption (Study 4). Practical implications: For marketing managers, findings indicate that brands gain from ethical attribute introductions only when these attributes are congruent with the brand concept. In addition, brands benefit to a greater extent from offering congruent ethical attributes when brand consumption is conspicuous. Originality/value: The findings of this research contribute to the literature on the effect of ethical attributes on consumers’ responses to brands and highlight the importance of brands’ choice of ethical attributes

Particle swarm optimization for SAGE maximization step in channel parameter estimation

This paper presents an application of particle swarm optimization (PSO) in space alternating generalized expectation maximization (SAGE) algorithm. SAGE algorithm is a powerful tool for estimating channel parameters like delay, angles (azimuth and elevation) of arrival and departure, Doppler frequency and polarization. To demonstrate the improvement in processing time by utilizing PSO in SAGE algorithm, the channel parameters are estimated from a synthetic data and the computational expense of SAGE algorithm with PSO is discussed. (4 pages)

The IKKâ related kinase TBK1 activates mTORC1 directly in response to growth factors and innate immune agonists

The innate immune kinase TBK1 initiates inflammatory responses to combat infectious pathogens by driving production of type I interferons. TBK1 also controls metabolic processes and promotes oncogeneâ induced cell proliferation and survival. Here, we demonstrate that TBK1 activates mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) directly. In cultured cells, TBK1 associates with and activates mTORC1 through siteâ specific mTOR phosphorylation (on S2159) in response to certain growth factor receptors (i.e., EGFâ receptor but not insulin receptor) and pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) (i.e., TLR3; TLR4), revealing a stimulusâ selective role for TBK1 in mTORC1 regulation. By studying cultured macrophages and those isolated from genome edited mTOR S2159A knockâ in mice, we show that mTOR S2159 phosphorylation promotes mTORC1 signaling, IRF3 nuclear translocation, and IFNâ β production. These data demonstrate a direct mechanistic link between TBK1 and mTORC1 function as well as physiologic significance of the TBK1â mTORC1 axis in control of innate immune function. These data unveil TBK1 as a direct mTORC1 activator and suggest unanticipated roles for mTORC1 downstream of TBK1 in control of innate immunity, tumorigenesis, and disorders linked to chronic inflammation.SynopsisTBK1, an IKKâ related kinase that drives interferon production as well cancer cell proliferation and survival, phosphorylates mTOR to activate mTORC1 in response to EGF and innate immune agonists, suggesting unanticipated roles for mTORC1 downstream of TBK1 in control of innate immunity and tumorigenesis.TBK1 interacts with mTORC1 and phosphorylates mTOR on S2159 to increase its catalytic activity.Cells lacking TBK1 or expressing a mTOR S2159A allele exhibit reduced mTORC1 signaling in response to EGFâ receptor and TLR3/4 activation.Primary macrophages derived from genome edited mTOR S2159A mice exhibit reduced mTORC1 signaling in response to TLR3/4 activation.Primary macrophages treated with rapamycin as well as those derived from mTORS2159A mice produce reduced levels of IFNâ β due to impaired nuclear translocation of the transcription factor IRF3.Innate immune kinase TBK1â dependent activation of mTORC1 occurs in response to pathogen recognition and EGF receptor activation and drives interferon production, thus highlighting the role of mTOR for innate immunity.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141029/1/embj201696164.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141029/2/embj201696164.reviewer_comments.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141029/3/embj201696164_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141029/4/embj201696164-sup-0001-EVFigs.pd

Search for astronomical neutrinos from blazar TXS 0506+056 in super-kamiokande

We report a search for astronomical neutrinos in the energy region from several GeV to TeV in the direction of the blazar TXS 0506+056 using the Super-Kamiokande detector following the detection of a 100 TeV neutrinos from the same location by the IceCube collaboration. Using Super-Kamiokande neutrino data across several data samples observed from 1996 April to 2018 February we have searched for both a total excess above known backgrounds across the entire period as well as localized excesses on smaller timescales in that interval. No significant excess nor significant variation in the observed event rate are found in the blazar direction. Upper limits are placed on the electron- and muon-neutrino fluxes at the 90% confidence level as 6.0 × 10−7 and 4.5 × 10−7–9.3 × 10−10 [erg cm−2 s−1], respectively

Optimal functional outcome measures for assessing treatment for Dupuytren's disease: A systematic review and recommendations for future practice

This article is available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund. Copyright © 2013 Ball et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.Background: Dupuytren's disease of the hand is a common condition affecting the palmar fascia, resulting in progressive flexion deformities of the digits and hence limitation of hand function. The optimal treatment remains unclear as outcomes studies have used a variety of measures for assessment. Methods: A literature search was performed for all publications describing surgical treatment, percutaneous needle aponeurotomy or collagenase injection for primary or recurrent Dupuytren’s disease where outcomes had been monitored using functional measures. Results: Ninety-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-two studies reported outcomes using patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) ranging from validated questionnaires to self-reported measures for return to work and self-rated disability. The Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score was the most utilised patient-reported function measure (n=11). Patient satisfaction was reported by eighteen studies but no single method was used consistently. Range of movement was the most frequent physical measure and was reported in all 91 studies. However, the methods of measurement and reporting varied, with seventeen different techniques being used. Other physical measures included grip and pinch strength and sensibility, again with variations in measurement protocols. The mean follow-up time ranged from 2 weeks to 17 years. Conclusions: There is little consistency in the reporting of outcomes for interventions in patients with Dupuytren’s disease, making it impossible to compare the efficacy of different treatment modalities. Although there are limitations to the existing generic patient reported outcomes measures, a combination of these together with a disease-specific questionnaire, and physical measures of active and passive individual joint Range of movement (ROM), grip and sensibility using standardised protocols should be used for future outcomes studies. As Dupuytren’s disease tends to recur following treatment as well as extend to involve other areas of the hand, follow-up times should be standardised and designed to capture both short and long term outcomes