70 research outputs found
MIMO channel modelling for indoor wireless communications
This thesis investigates multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channel modelling for a wideband indoor environment. Initially the theoretical basis of geometric modelling for a typical indoor environment is looked at, and a space-time model is formulated. The transmit and receive antenna correlation is then separated and is expressed in terms of antenna element spacing, the scattering parameter, mean angle of arrival and number of antenna elements employed. These parameters are used to analyze their effect on the capacity for this environment. Then the wideband indoor channel operating at center frequencies of 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz is investigated. The concept of MIMO frequency scaling is introduced and applied to the data obtained in the measurement campaign undertaken at the University of Pretoria. Issues of frequency scaling of capacity, spatial correlation and the joint RX/TX double direction channel response for this indoor environment are investigated. The maximum entropy (ME) approach to MIMO channel modelling is investigated and a new basis is developed for the determination of the covariance matrix when only the RX/TX covariance is known. Finally, results comparing this model with the established Kronecker model and its application for the joint RX/TX spatial power spectra, using a beamformer, are evaluated. Conclusions are then drawn and future research opportunities are highlighted.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008.Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineeringunrestricte
Towards a bandwidth efficient cognitive positioning system
Presented is an efficient bandwidth determination model for the cognitive
positioning system by utilising multiple receive antennas. The
performance evaluations of the proposed multiple receive antenna
positioning system were carried out using the linear least squares
and maximum-likelihood location estimation techniques. Simulated
results reveal that in a rural scenario, the 1 × 2 and 1 × 3 singleinput-
multiple-output (SIMO) cases display an average bandwidth
efficiency with respect to positional accuracy, of 49 and 58%, respectively,
over the single-input-single-output (SISO) case. For an urban
scenario, the 1 × 2 and 1 × 3 SIMO cases display a higher average
bandwidth efficiency of 53 and 62%, respectively, over the SISO case.The Sentech Chair in Broadband Wireless Multimedia Communications at
the University of Pretoria and the National Research Foundation.http://www.ietdl.org/ELai201
Prediction based channel allocation performance for cognitive radio
The interdependency, in a cognitive radio (CR) network, of spectrum sensing, occupancy modelling, channel switching and secondary
user (SU) performance, is investigated. Achievable SU data throughput and primary user (PU) disruption rate have been
examined for both theoretical test data as well as data obtained from real-world spectrum measurements done in Pretoria, South
Africa. A channel switching simulator was developed to investigate SU performance, where a hidden Markov model (HMM) was
employed to model and predict PU behaviour, from which proactive channel allocations could be made. Results show that CR
performance may be improved if PU behaviour is accurately modelled, since accurate prediction allows the SU to make proactive
channel switching decisions. It is further shown that a trade-off may exist between achievable SU throughput and average PU
disruption rate. When using the prediction model, significant performance improvements, particularly under heavy traffic density
conditions, of up to double the SU throughput and half the PU disruption rate were observed. Results obtained from a measurement
campaign were comparable with those obtained from theoretical occupancy data, with an average similarity score of 95% for
prediction accuracy, 90% for SU throughput and 70% for PU disruption rate.Sentech Chair in Broadband Wireless Multimedia Communication (BWMC), the National Research Foundation (NRF) and the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA).http://www.elsevier.com/locate/aeuehb2013ai201
Analysis of an offset modulation transmission
In this article, a method called offset modulation (OM-OFDM) is proposed to control the peak-to-average power ratio
(PAPR) of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal. The theoretical bandwidth occupancy of the
proposed offset modulated signal is derived. Using these bandwidth occupancy results, a closed-form theoretical bit
error rate (BER) expression for an offset modulated transmission is derived and validated. Thereafter, a BER comparison
between OM-OFDM and OFDM at a PAPR value of 13 dB shows that both methods offer similar BER characteristics for
frequency selective fading channel conditions. The OM-OFDM method in addition is able to accurately control the
PAPR of a transmission for a targeted BER. The authors have further proposed a newly applied power performance
decision metric, which can be used throughout the PAPR field, in order to compare various methods. By using this
power performance decision metric, the authors show that OM-OFDM offers between 4 dB–1.2 dB (60.34%–24.6%)
and 4.1 dB–1.2 dB (60.8%–23.6%), net power performance gain (at a BER of 10−4) when compared to a clipped OFDM,
OFDM, tone reserved (TR) OFDM and an active constellation extended (ACE) OFDM transmission in a frequency
selective fading channel. Finally, by using a complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF), the OM-OFDM
method is shown to offer between 3.2 dB and 2 dB PAPR reduction (at a CCDF of 10−1) when compared to an OFDM,
TR, clipped, and ACE OFDM transmission.This work is currently being patented by the University of Pretoria. Both
authors are inventors on the patent, with the University of Pretoria holding the
patent rights. This paper is based on work, for which the author has been
awarded a PhD at the University of Pretoria. The necessary permissions have
been obtained to publish such material.http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/19am2013ai201
From cyber-physical convergence to digital twins : a review on edge computing use case designs
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS : The authors contributed equally in this work. All authors have read and
agreed to the published version of the manuscript.As a result of the new telecommunication ecosystem landscape, wireless communication
has become an interdisciplinary field whose future is shaped by several interacting dimensions. These
interacting dimensions, which form the cyber–physical convergence, closely link the technological
perspective to its social, economic, and cognitive sciences counterparts. Beyond the current operational
framework of the Internet of Things (IoT), network devices will be equipped with capabilities
for learning, thinking, and understanding so that they can autonomously make decisions and take
appropriate actions. Through this autonomous operation, wireless networking will be ushered into
a paradigm that is primarily inspired by the efficient and effective use of (i) AI strategies, (ii) big
data analytics, as well as (iii) cognition. This is the Cognitive Internet of People Processes Data and
Things (CIoPPD&T), which can be defined in terms of the cyber–physical convergence. In this article,
through the discussion of how the cyber–physical convergence and the interacting dynamics of the
socio-technical ecosystem are enablers of digital twins (DTs), the network DT (NDT) is discussed in
the context of 6G networks. Then, the design and realization of edge computing-based NDTs are
discussed, which culminate with the vehicle-to-edge (V2E) use cases.The Sentech Chair in Broadband Wireless and Multimedia Communication (BWMC) at the University of Pretoria.https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsciam2024Electrical, Electronic and Computer EngineeringSDG-09: Industry, innovation and infrastructur
Capacity-approaching non-binary balanced codes using auxiliary data
It is known that, for large user word lengths, the auxiliary data can be used to recover most of the redundancy losses of Knuth’s simple balancing method compared with the optimal redundancy of balanced codes for the binary case. Here, this important result is extended in a number of ways. First, an upper bound for the amount of auxiliary data is derived that is valid for all codeword lengths. This result is primarily of theoretical interest, as it defines the probability distribution of the number of balancing indices that results in optimal redundancy. This result is equally valid for particular non-binary generalizations of Knuth’s balancing method. Second, an asymptotically exact expression for the amount of auxiliary data for the ternary case of a variable length realization of the modified balanced code construction is derived, that, in all respects, is the analogue of the result obtained for the binary case. The derivation is based on a generalization of the binary random walk to the ternary case and a simple modification of an existing generalization of Knuth’s method for the non-binary balanced codes. Finally, a conjecture is proposed regarding the probability distribution of the number of balancing indices for any alphabet size.The National Research Foundation (NRF) and SENTECH Chair in Broadband Wireless
Multimedia Communication.http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=18hj2019Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineerin
Age of information and success probability analysis in hybrid spectrum access-based massive cognitive radio networks
In this paper, we investigate users’ performance under the hybrid spectrum access model
in the massive cognitive radio network (CRN), where multiple primary users (PUs) and secondary
users (SUs) transmit on the same channel simultaneously. SUs first detect the state of the channel via
channel sensing and select an appropriate channel access scheme (either underlay or overlay) for
their transmissions based on the outcome of the channel sensing. When at least one PU is active, SUs
transmit under the underlay channel access scheme by employing the power control technique to
ensure that the interference generated in the primary network is below the pre-defined interference
threshold. In the absence of PU, SUs transmit with full transmit power under the overlay channel
access scheme, thereby maximizing their throughput. Using the tool of stochastic geometry, we
obtained tractable analyses for important metrics such as success probability, throughput, and the
average age of information (AoI) in both primary and secondary networks, while capturing the
interference between the two networks. The obtained analyses offer an efficient way to understand
the metrics of AoI, throughput and success probability in the hybrid spectrum access-based CRN. We
further compared users’ performance under the hybrid spectrum access scheme with performances
under overlay and underlay spectrum access schemes. The outcome of the numerical simulations
shows that the hybrid spectrum access scheme can significantly improve the performance of users in
the network, while also capturing more key features of real-life systems.The SENTECH Chair in Broadband Wireless Multimedia Communications (BWMC), Department of Electrical, Electronics, and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, South Africa.http://www.mdpi.com/journal/applscipm2021Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineerin
Quasi-enumerative coding of balanced run-length limited codes
Various methods have been proposed for the construction of balanced run-length limited codes. Amongst these methods is the enumerative coding approach by Kurmaev. The advantage of this approach is that the code has maximum cardinality and thus approaches capacity with increasing codeword length. However, enumerative coding has the disadvantage of becoming prohibitively complex for large codeword lengths. We propose an alternative enumerative coding method that reduces the encoding and decoding complexity. We call it quasi-enumerative coding as it does not follow a strict lexicographic order, but retains a one-to-one mapping between rank and the corresponding balanced run-length limited codeword.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=6287639hj2024Electrical, Electronic and Computer EngineeringSDG-09: Industry, innovation and infrastructur
AI meets CRNs : a prospective review on the application of deep architectures in spectrum management
The spectrum low utilization and high demand conundrum created a bottleneck towards
ful lling the requirements of next-generation networks. The cognitive radio (CR) technology was advocated
as a de facto technology to alleviate the scarcity and under-utilization of spectrum resources by exploiting
temporarily vacant spectrum holes of the licensed spectrum bands. As a result, the CR technology became
the rst step towards the intelligentization of mobile and wireless networks, and in order to strengthen
its intelligent operation, the cognitive engine needs to be enhanced through the exploitation of arti cial
intelligence (AI) strategies. Since comprehensive literature reviews covering the integration and application
of deep architectures in cognitive radio networks (CRNs) are still lacking, this article aims at lling the
gap by presenting a detailed review that addresses the integration of deep architectures into the intricacies
of spectrum management. This is a prospective review whose primary objective is to provide an in-depth
exploration of the recent trends in AI strategies employed in mobile and wireless communication networks.
The existing reviews in this area have not considered the relevance of incorporating the mathematical
fundamentals of each AI strategy and how to tailor them to speci c mobile and wireless networking
problems. Therefore, this reviewaddresses that problem by detailing howdeep architectures can be integrated
into spectrum management problems. Beyond reviewing different ways in which deep architectures can be
integrated into spectrum management, model selection strategies and how different deep architectures can
be tailored into the CR space to achieve better performance in complex environments are then reported in
the context of future research directions.The Sentech Chair in Broadband Wireless Multimedia Communications (BWMC) at the University of Pretoria.http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=6287639am2022Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineerin
Transmission scheduling for wireless mesh networks with temporal reuse
Link-assigned transmission schedules with timeslot reuse by multiple links in both the space and time domains are
investigated in this study for stationary multihop wireless mesh networks with both rate and power adaptivity.
Specifically, cross-layer optimised schedules with proportionally fair end-to-end flow rates and network coding
capability are constructed for networks operating under the physical interference model with single-path minimum
hop routing. Extending transmission rights in a link-assigned schedule allows for network coding and temporal
reuse, which increases timeslot usage efficiency when a scheduled link experiences packet depletion. The
schedules that suffer from packet depletion are characterised, and a generic temporal reuse-aware achievable rate
region is derived. Extensive computational experiments show improved schedule capacity, quality of service, power
efficiency and benefit from network coding accrued with schedules optimised in the proposed temporal reuseaware
convex rate region.http://jwcn.eurasipjournals.com/content/2011/1/8
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