431 research outputs found
Fluctuation relations and rare realizations of transport observables
Fluctuation relations establish rigorous identities for the nonequilibrium
averages of observables. Starting from a general transport master equation with
time-dependent rates, we employ the stochastic path integral approach to study
statistical fluctuations around such averages. We show how under nonequilibrium
conditions, rare realizations of transport observables are crucial and imply
massive fluctuations that may completely mask such identities. Quantitative
estimates for these fluctuations are provided. We illustrate our results on the
paradigmatic example of a mesoscopic RC circuit.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures; v2: minor changes, published versio
Symmetry Relations for Trajectories of a Brownian Motor
A Brownian Motor is a nanoscale or molecular device that combines the effects
of thermal noise, spatial or temporal asymmetry, and directionless input energy
to drive directed motion. Because of the input energy, Brownian motors function
away from thermodynamic equilibrium and concepts such as linear response
theory, fluctuation dissipation relations, and detailed balance do not apply.
The {\em generalized} fluctuation-dissipation relation, however, states that
even under strongly thermodynamically non-equilibrium conditions the ratio of
the probability of a transition to the probability of the time-reverse of that
transition is the exponent of the change in the internal energy of the system
due to the transition. Here, we derive an extension of the generalized
fluctuation dissipation theorem for a Brownian motor for the ratio between the
probability for the motor to take a forward step and the probability to take a
backward step
Fur-mites of the family Atopomelidae (Acari: Astigmata) parasitic on Philippine mammals: systematics, phylogeny, and host-parasite relationships
http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/56439/1/MP196.pd
Molecular random walks and invariance group of the Bogolyubov equation
Statistics of molecular random walks in a fluid is considered with the help
of the Bogolyubov equation for generating functional of distribution functions.
An invariance group of solutions to this equation as functions of the fluid
density is discovered. It results in many exact relations between probability
distribution of the path of a test particle and its irreducible correlations
with the fluid. As the consequence, significant restrictions do arise on
possible shapes of the path distribution. In particular, the hypothetical
Gaussian form of its long-range asymptotic proves to be forbidden (even in the
Boltzmann-Grad limit). Instead, a diffusive asymptotic is allowed which
possesses power-law long tail (cut off by ballistic flight length).Comment: 23 pages, no figures, LaTeX AMSART, author's translation from Russian
of the paper accepted to the TMPh (``Theoretical and mathematical physics''
Electron and Phonon Thermal Waves in Semiconductors: an Application to Photothermal Effects
The electron and phonon temperature distribution function are calculated in
semiconductors. We solved the coupled one-dimensional heat-diffussion equations
in the linear approximation in which the physical parameters on the sample are
independent of the temperature. We also consider the heat flux at the surface
of the semiconductor as a boundary condition for each electron and phonon
systems instead of using a fixed temperature. From this, we obtain an
expression for electron and phonon temperature respectively. The
characterization of the thermal waves properties is duscussed and some
practical procedures for this purpose provide us information about the electron
and phonon thermal parameters.Comment: 12 pages, amstex and amssymb macro package (LaTeX2e edition
Cox1 barcoding versus multilocus species delimitation: validation of two mite species with contrasting effective population sizes
Abstract
Background
The cox1-barcoding approach is currently extensively used for high-throughput species delimitation and discovery. However, this method has several limitations, particularly when organisms have large effective population sizes. Paradoxically, most common, abundant, and widely distributed species may be misclassified by this technique.
Results
We conducted species delimitation analyses for two host-specific lineages of scab mites of the genus Caparinia, having small population sizes. Cox1 divergence between these lineages was high (7.4–7.8%) while that of nuclear genes was low (0.06–0.53%). This system was contrasted with the medically important American house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae, a globally distributed species with very large population size. This species has two distinct, sympatric cox1 lineages with 4.2% divergence. We tested several species delimitation algorithms PTP, GMYC, ABGD, BPP, STACEY and PHRAPL, which inferred different species boundaries for these entities. Notably, STACEY recovered the Caparinia lineages as two species and D. farinae as a single species. BPP agreed with these results when the prior on ancestral effective population sizes was set to expected values, although delimitation of Caparinia was still equivocal. No other cox1 species delimitation algorithms inferred D. farinae as a single species, despite the fact that the nuclear CPW2 gene shows some evidence for introgression between the cox1 groups. This indicates that the cox1-barcoding approach may result in excessive species splitting.
Conclusions
Our research highlights the importance of using nuclear genes and demographic characteristics to infer species boundaries rather than relying on a single-gene barcoding approach, particularly for putative species having large effective population sizes.https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146770/1/13071_2018_Article_3242.pd
Host specificity and multivariate diagnostics of cryptic species in predacious cheyletid mites of the genus Cheletophyes (Acari: Cheyletidae) associated with large carpenter bees
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72537/1/j.1095-8312.2006.00554.x.pd
Modern approaches to complex therapy of chronic nonspecific endometritis (review of literature)
The article presents the review of modern Russian and foreign literature devoted to a problem of treatment of chronic endometritis. It was shown that treatment of this pathology should be conducted in two stages. The basis of the first stage is antibacterial therapy, the basis of the second stage is complex treatment with application of vascular preparations, vitamin therapy, endocrinotherapy, physiotherapy. In addition the article brings up several debatable questions of treatment of chronic endometritis and expediency of application of hormones, probiotic, immunomodulators in particular. Also the article presents the estimation of various methods of medical products introduction. The positive effect is received from local application of medical products. It was noticed that the search of new medical products is proceeding
Experience of Pseudospark Switch Operation in Pulse Power Applications
The paper demonstrates the results of TDI1-200k/25SN-P pseudospark switch (PSS) developed by Russian company "Pulsed Technologies Ltd" application. PSS was used in pulsed power unit intended for electric-discharge fracture of rocks and concrete blocks and splitting off from monolith. The pulsed power unit has a pulse current generator with the capacity of 560 [mu]F, stored energy of up to 63 kJ, operating voltage of up to15 kV, current pulse amplitude of up to 200 kA and pulse duration more than 200 [mu]sec. The study also shows the current waveforms determined in the short-circuit experiment of the pulse current generator and in the experiments of the electric-discharge fragmentation of concrete at the charging voltage of 13 kV. PSS was operated in ringing single-pulse mode with the exceedance of more than two maximum permissible parameters: current pulse amplitude, current pulse duration and maximum pulse energy. Internal electrode erosion of PSS is shown and possible reasons of asymmetric current feed are discussed
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