High-Resolution Analysis of Zn^2+ Coordination in the Alkaline Phosphatase Superfamily by EXAFS and X-ray Crystallography

Comparisons among evolutionarily related enzymes offer opportunities to reveal how structural differences produce different catalytic activities. Two structurally related enzymes, Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (AP) and Xanthomonas axonopodis nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP), have nearly identical binuclear Zn^2+ catalytic centers but show tremendous differential specificity for hydrolysis of phosphate monoesters or phosphate diesters. To determine if there are differences in Zn^2+ coordination in the two enzymes that might contribute to catalytic specificity, we analyzed both x-ray absorption spectroscopic and x-ray crystallographic data. We report a 1.29-Å crystal structure of AP with bound phosphate, allowing evaluation of interactions at the AP metal site with high resolution. To make systematic comparisons between AP and NPP, we measured zinc extended x-ray absorption fine structure for AP and NPP in the free-enzyme forms, with AMP and inorganic phosphate groundstate analogs and with vanadate transition-state analogs. These studies yielded average zinc–ligand distances in AP and NPP free-enzyme forms and ground-state analog forms that were identical within error, suggesting little difference in metal ion coordination among these forms. Upon binding of vanadate to both enzymes, small increases in average metal–ligand distances were observed, consistent with an increased coordination number. Slightly longer increases were observed in NPP relative to AP, which could arise from subtle rearrangements of the active site or differences in the geometry of the bound vanadyl species. Overall, the results suggest that the binuclear Zn^2+ catalytic site remains very similar between AP and NPP during the course of a reaction cycle

НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ ОБРУДОВАНИЯ ДЛЯ ФЛОТАЦИОННОГО ОБОГАЩЕНИЯ ТОНКОДИСПЕРСНыХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ

Проблема и ее связь с научными и практическими задачами. В связи с тем, что в поступающем на обогатительные фабрики сырье содержится до 30% ма-териала крупностью менее 1 мм, роль процесса флотации существенно возрас-тает. Этому способствует и возможность создания достаточно простых замкну-тых водно-шламовых схем, включающих флотацию в качестве основного эле-мента очистки оборотных вод. Многими исследованиями, которые проводились ранее и продолжают выполняться и в настоящее время, установлены направле-ния совершенствования этого достаточно сложного физико-химического про-цесс

Revisiting the Polyoxometalate-Based Late-Transition-Metal-Oxo Complexes: The “Oxo Wall” Stands

Terminal oxo complexes of the late transition metals Pt, Pd, and Au have been reported by us in <i>Science</i> and <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. Despite thoroughness in characterizing these complexes (multiple independent structural methods and up to 17 analytical methods in one case), we have continued to study these structures. Initial work on these systems was motivated by structural data from X-ray crystallography and neutron diffraction and ¹⁷O and ³¹P NMR signatures which all indicated differences from all previously published compounds. With significant new data, we now revisit these studies. New X-ray crystal structures of previously reported complexes K₁₄[P₂W₁₉O₆₉(OH₂)] and “K₁₀Na₃[Pd^IV(O)­(OH)­WO­(OH₂)­(PW₉O₃₄)₂]” and a closer examination of these structures are provided. Also presented are the ¹⁷O NMR spectrum of an ¹⁷O-enriched sample of [PW₁₁O₃₉]^7– and a careful combined ³¹P NMR-titration study of the previously reported “K₇H₂[Au­(O)­(OH₂)­P₂W₂₀O₇₀(OH₂)₂].” These and considerable other data collectively indicate that previously assigned terminal Pt-oxo and Au-oxo complexes are in fact cocrystals of the all-tungsten structural analogues with noble metal cations, while the Pd-oxo complex is a disordered Pd­(II)-substituted polyoxometalate. The neutron diffraction data have been re-analyzed, and new refinements are fully consistent with the all-tungsten formulations of the Pt-oxo and Au-oxo polyoxometalate species