Economie sociale et solidaire et mondialisation. Le cas Yoplait Social economy and globalisation.The Yoplait case

Face à la globalisation des marchés et l'internationalisation des entreprises capitalistes, l'exportation, la franchise, la joint-venture et l'investissement direct constituent les principaux modes de développement possibles entre lesquels une coopérative doit choisir pour étendre son réseau au-delà de son marché national. Alors que l'internationalisation constitue une priorité stratégique pour les coopératives, il est essentiel de comprendre, dans un contexte où la franchise internationale s'affirme comme un mode d'entrée qui explique le choix de ce modèle de développement. Pour répondre à cette problématique, nous développerons l'exemple de YOPLAIT. La société YOPLAIT détenue par SODIAAL, premier groupe coopératif laitier français et un des tout premiers européens, est la deuxième marque mondiale dans les yaourts et leader dans 16 pays (USA, Australie,..) et présent dans plus de 50 pays.The purpose of this case study is to provide an in-depth look into the internationalization of cooperatives, with a particular focus on Yoplait. Cooperatives are increasingly facing the need to better manage their internationalization. This study investigates the phenomenon of international franchise and provides empirical evidence of this model for cooperatives.Social Economy, Globalisation, Cooperatives, Yoplait

Agriculture et médiation. Le cas de l’USDA Mediation Program

Alors que l’agriculture américaine connaissait de profonds changements et pour faire face aux conflits notamment dus à l’endettement des agriculteurs, la médiation s’est développée avec le lancement de l’“USDA Mediation Program”. De 1981 à 1986, l’agriculture américaine subit l’une de ses plus sérieuses crises financières depuis les années trente. L’impact de cette dépression se propagea dans toutes les communautés rurales et les autres secteurs économiques dépendant de l’agriculture furent également gravement affectés. La création d’un programme de médiation devint une priorité pour le ministère américain de l’Agriculture. Face à la croissance de la médiation au plan mondial, de nombreux chercheurs dans les domaines aussi variés que l’économie, le droit et les sciences de gestion se sont intéressés au phénomène de la médiation en tant que mode de résolution des conflits. La médiation est de plus en plus utilisée, se généralise dans tous les domaines notamment dans le monde agricole. L’article analyse plus précisément l’USDA mediation program, les types de conflits gérés et les résultats obtenus. Les perspectives d’évolution de la médiation dans le monde agricole français sont examinées en conclusion.The “USDA mediation program” has helped agricultural producers and their creditors resolve disputes confidentially in a non-adversarial setting, thus avoiding the traditional process of litigation, appeals, bankruptcy, and foreclosure. This is crucial as America’s family farmers continue to deal with a fluctuating economy, low commodity prices, and a seemingly endless rash of natural disasters. Mediation helps resolve many areas of disputes, including farm loans, price support payments, wetland determinations, conservation compliance, and Conservation Reserve Program payment eligibility/limitation. The working paper analyses the ’“USDA mediation program”, types of conflicts and results and projections for the mediation in the French agricultural world

Le développement de la médiation dans le monde agricole français

La médiation, mode de règlement des conflits, va bien au-delà d’un effet de mode. Elle est de plus en plus utilisée en France, se généralise dans tous les domaines et notamment dans le monde agricole. La médiation au sein du monde agricole existe principalement à travers le médiateur de la Mutualité sociale agricole (MSA) et des médiateurs-terrains (Fédération nationale des syndicats d’exploitants agricoles (FNSEA), Association de la médiation pour les groupes agricoles et ruraux (Amgar), Groupements agricoles d’exploitation en commun (GAEC et Sociétés). Sa souplesse, son faible coût et sa force de pacification permet de gérer des conflits qui déboucheraient pour la plupart sinon dans des procès du moins sur des fractures irréparables. Le développement de la médiation agricole peut s’expliquer principalement par le déclin des médiateurs traditionnels (curé, maître, maire) et par le développement des conflits ou litiges (de fermage, familiaux, ou de voisinage). Cependant la médiation n’est qu’un processus complémentaire à ceux existants et ses limites (neutralité, confidentialité) nous rappellent qu’un travail préalable de compréhension et de prévention des tensions est salutaire avant même de se préoccuper de la gestion des conflits.Mediation, an alternative dispute resolution process, has become a very important and viable alternative to adjudication and arbitration in the legal system. In France, mediation is increasingly gaining importance in particular in the agriculture world. Mediation in the french agriculture world exists mainly with the MSA Ombudsman (Agriculture Mutual Fund) and rural mediators (FNSEA, AMGAR, GAEC & Sociétés). The mediator not only facilitates but also designs the process, and assists and helps the parties to get to the root of their conflict, to understand their interests, and reach a resolution agreed by all concerned. The mediation’s development is due mainly to the decline of traditional mediators (priest, teacher, mayor) and the increase of rural conflicts (land use, neighborhood and family conflicts). However, the mediation is not a panacea for resolving all disputes and the main limit of this process is the mediator’s neutrality. This informal alternative dispute resolution process must be linked with formal processes of government, such as those processes mandated by law and at first an analysis of tensions would be fundamental before a focus on dispute resolution. (JEL J52, K4, R14

Cutlines: UM Graduates

Background: Prenatal care/deliveries within our family medicine clinics have declined, perhaps because patients are unaware that our clinics provide these services. With lower volumes, clinicians may feel less comfortable with current skills/knowledge of obstetric (OB) care. Purpose: Increase family medicine clinic OB numbers, patient awareness, and clinician comfort/knowledge in OB. Methods: English-facile patients (18–50 years), residents and faculty at Aurora family medicine residency clinics were included. Patients were provided preintervention surveys upon check-in. Residents/faculty were surveyed via Survey Monkey. Changes made based on initial survey results were: 1) increasing systemwide awareness that our caregivers provide OB care, through fliers at emergency departments/urgent cares or posters in clinic waiting rooms; 2) keeping at least one same-day visit for OB patients; 3) distributing standard OB note templates to residents/faculty; and 4) placing patient educational handouts at each clinic. Patients, residents and faculty were reassessed at 9 months postintervention. Surveys were analyzed with Fisher’s exact tests. Results: Respondents to the preintervention survey included 83 patients, 26 residents and 19 faculty; 61 patients, 23 residents and 21 faculty responded to the postintervention survey. On both pre- and post-surveys, patients knew that their providers delivered babies (59% vs 57%, respectively; P = 0.86). However, only 22% and 33% of patients, respectively, had a doctor at our clinics deliver their baby or partner’s baby (P = 0.25). Even so, 95% and 100% of patients, respectively, would recommend their friends or family to our family practice clinics if they became pregnant (P = 0.14). On the pre-survey, 38% of residents felt clinic OB numbers were adequate versus 70% following intervention (P \u3c 0.05). On both pre- and post-surveys, residents planned on incorporating obstetric or prenatal care into their future practice (42% vs 52%, respectively; P = 0.57). On both pre- and post-surveys, faculty felt comfortable with OB skills and knowledge (53% vs 62%, respectively; P = 0.75). Lifestyle was the most common reason faculty gave for why they stopped doing deliveries (37% vs 33%, respectively). Conclusion: Implementation of changes to our OB workflow resulted in non-statistically significant improvements in viewpoints toward OB. Resident feelings of OB number adequacy significantly improved following intervention. Further study in multiple clinics could confirm the effectiveness and reasons for success of our interventions

A Formally Verified Floating-Point Implementation of the Compact Position Reporting Algorithm

The Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) system allows aircraft to communicate their current state, including position and velocity information, to other aircraft in their vicinity and to ground stations. The Compact Position Reporting (CPR) algorithm is the ADS-B module responsible for the encoding and decoding of aircraft positions. CPR is highly sensitive to computer arithmetic since it heavily relies on functions that are intrinsically unstable such as floor and modulo. In this paper, a formally-verified double-precision floating-point implementation of the CPR algorithm is presented. The verification proceeds in three steps. First, an alternative version of CPR, which reduces the floating-point rounding error is proposed. Then, the Prototype Verification System (PVS) is used to formally prove that the ideal real-number counterpart of the improved algorithm is mathematically equivalent to the standard CPR definition. Finally, the static analyzer Frama-C is used to verify that the double-precision implementation of the improved algorithm is correct with respect to its operational requirement. The alternative algorithm is currently being considered for inclusion in the revised version of the ADS-B standards document as the reference implementation of the CPR algorithm

Encoding monomorphic and polymorphic types

Most automatic theorem provers are restricted to untyped logics, and existing translations from typed logics are bulky or unsound. Recent research proposes monotonicity as a means to remove some clutter. Here we pursue this approach systematically, analysing formally a variety of encodings that further improve on efficiency while retaining soundness and completeness. We extend the approach to rank-1 polymorphism and present alternative schemes that lighten the translation of polymorphic symbols based on the novel notion of “cover”. The new encodings are implemented, and partly proved correct, in Isabelle/HOL. Our evaluation finds them vastly superior to previous schemes

Preserving User Proofs Across Specification Changes

International audienceIn the context of deductive program veri cation, both the speci fication and the code evolve as the veri fication process carries on. For instance, a loop invariant gets strengthened when additional properties are added to the specifi cation. This causes all the related proof obligations to change; thus previous user verifi cations become invalid. Yet it is often the case that most of previous proof attempts (goal trans- formations, calls to interactive or automated provers) are still directly applicable or are easy to adjust. In this paper, we describe a technique to maintain a proof session against modifi cation of verifi cation conditions. This technique is implemented in the Why3 platform. It was successfully used in developing more than a hundred verifi ed programs and in keeping them up to date along the evolution of Why3 and its standard library. It also helps out with changes in the environment, e.g. prover upgrades