Proses Produksi Dan Pengemasan Yoghurtdicv. Cita Nasional Salatiga

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Stepwise Bay Annulation of Indigo for the Synthesis of Desymmetrized Electron Acceptors and Donor–Acceptor Constructs

A selective stepwise annulation of indigo has been demonstrated as a means of providing both monoannulated and differentially double-annulated indigo derivatives. Disparate substitution of the electron accepting bay-annulated indigo system allows for fine control over both the electronic properties as well as donor–acceptor structural architectures. Optical and electronic properties were characterized computationally as well as through UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. This straightforward method provides a modular approach for the design of indigo-based materials with tailored optoelectronic properties

Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genomes in bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila)

<div><p>In this study, the first complete mitogenome of Andrenidae, namely <i>Andrena camellia</i>, is newly sequenced. It includes 13 protein-coding (PCG) genes, 22 transfer RNA (rRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA (tRNA) genes, and a control region. Among PCGs, high conservation is observed in cytochrome oxidase genes with <i>cox1</i> exhibits the highest conservation. Conversely, NADH dehydrogenase and ATPase subunit genes are more variable with <i>atp8</i> presents the maximal variation. Comparison of the gene order indicates complex rearrangement in bees. Most of the rearranged events are located in the tRNA clusters of <i>trnI</i>-<i>trnQ</i>-<i>trnM</i>, <i>trnW</i>-<i>trnC</i>-<i>trnY</i>, and <i>trnA-trnR-trnN-trnS1-trnE-trnF</i>. Furthermore, we present the most comprehensive mitochondrial phylogeny of bee families. The monophyly of each family and the long-tongued bees is highly supported. However, short-tongued bees are inferred as paraphyletic relative to the sister relationship between Melittidae and other bee families. Furthermore, to improve the resolution of phylogeny, various datasets and analytical approaches are performed. It is indicated that datasets including third codons of PCGs facilitate to produce identical topology and higher nodal support. The tRNA genes that have typical cloverleaf secondary structures also exhibit similar positive effects. However, rRNAs present poor sequence alignment and distinct substitution saturation, which result in negative effects on both tree topology and nodal support. In addition, Gblocks treatment can increase the congruence of topologies, but has opposite effects on nodal support between the two inference methods of maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference.</p></div

Saturation substitution tests for PCGs, rRNAs, and tRNAs of mitogenomes of bees.

<p>Saturation substitution tests for PCGs, rRNAs, and tRNAs of mitogenomes of bees.</p

Summary of the major clades recovered by different datasets and analytical approaches.

<p>Summary of the major clades recovered by different datasets and analytical approaches.</p

The phylogenetic relationships of bees inferred from the mitogenome dataset of P123T_G_BI.

<p>Numbers on branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities.</p

Circular map of the mitogenomes of bees.

<p>Gene identity is obtained by BLAST searches, with the reference genome of <i>A</i>. <i>camellia</i>. The sequences are arranged in an order that the most similar mitogenome is closest to the outer edge of the map.</p

Gene arrangement of the mitogenomes of bees.

<p>PCGs, rRNAs, tRNAs, and the control region are marked with yellow, pink, green, and grey, respectively. Gene with underscore indicates that it is encoded in the N strand.</p

Lack of FoxM1 expression increased apoptosis of DP thymocytes in culture.

<p>Left panel: apoptosis of DP thymocytes (Annexin V⁺ 7ADD⁻) culture <i>in vitro</i> for 24 hr. Middle panel: total number of cell death as measured by Annexin V⁺ 7ADD⁺ of DP thymocytes culture <i>in vitro</i> for 24 hr. Right panel: DP thymocytes from Lck-FoxM1 mice or their wild-type littermate controls were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28, anti-Fas antibody, PMA phorbol ester (PMA) or dexamethasone (Dex). The extent of apoptosis (% Annexin V positive, 7-AAD negative cells) was measured 24 hours later.</p

Characterization of lck-FoxM1 mice.

<p>(A) The total number of thymocytes, double negative (DN) cells, and double positive (DP) cells from each mouse are depicted as a box or a circle (<i>n</i> = 9). The average number of the total thymocytes (X 10⁶) are 412±117 for wild-type mice and 193±95 for the lck-FoxM1 mice (p<0.05). The average number (X 10⁶) for DN thymocytes are 29.1±9.7 for wild-type mice and 31.2±19.9 for lck-FoxM1 mice. For DP thymocytes, the average number (X 10⁶) is 315±119 for wild-type mice and 134±86 for lck-FoxM1 mice (p<0.05). (B) Representative plots of CD4 <i>versus</i> CD8 profiles of total thymocytes and CD44 <i>versus</i> CD25 profiles of gated DN thymocytes are shown. (C) CD4 <i>versus</i> CD8 profiles and the total number of cells in lymph nodes are shown here. Right panel: Each box or circle represents one mouse (<i>n</i> = 9). The average number of the total lymph nodes cells (X 10⁶) are 125±37 for wild-type mice and 66.9±18.9 for the lck-FoxM1 mice (p<0.05).</p