Analysis, Planning, and Management of Urban Emergency Services

This prospectus outlines a monograph, now under way, proposed for the Survey Project's State-of-the-Art Series. Tentatively titled "Analysis, Planning, and Management of Urban Emergency Services," the volume will present modern methods, concepts, and principles for emergency medical services, fire protection, and police emergency services, drawing on both advanced theoretical developments and international case examples. As it is now structured, the volume will attempt to: unify and synthesize an advanced but as yet unintegrated state-of-the-art in applying systems analytic techniques to significant, real problems; and help accelerate urban governments' understanding and use of selected innovative planning and managerial techniques

Emergency Medical Services: System Description

This working paper presents a draft of a forthcoming report. The report will contain more detail (including diagrams) and numerous references to existing literature. Both the working paper and the report are intended to serve as the basis for a chapter in the forthcoming monograph, "Analysis, Planning and Management of Urban Emergency Services." The author welcomes comments. Responses to the following two questions would be especially appreciated: (1) How can the description of the emergency medical services system be sharpened and clarified, (i) for analytically oriented readers interested in the analytical structure of the system, and (ii) for managerially oriented readers interested more in how the system works and where a particular EMS system may best be improved? (2) How can the description be made both more general and more precise, so that it will apply as well as possible to actual systems in all IIASA's member countries

Emergency Services Research in Great Britain

On a trip to Great Britain during July 1975, I talked with a number of people engaged in research on municipal emergency services. This working paper summarizes these conversations. It is being circulated as a WP because its technical content may be of interest to a number of people within IIASA

On the Dynamics of the Ignition of Paper and Catastrophe Theory

The purpose of this note is to study the phenomenon of ignition of paper considered by Shivadev and Emmons from the viewpoint of stability theory and catastrophe theory. It is shown that ignition results from a sudden or catastrophic change of the kinetics governing temperature from a locally stable to a locally unstable equation. Using the model of Shivadev and Emmons and the above criterion, equations for the ignition temperature and the corresponding heat flux are derived. These equations are shown to provide a good match to the experimental data of Reference. Further extensions of this work to combustion and the appearance of cusp catastrophes are also discussed

Urban UNEP Proposal

The general objectives of this project, and of the succeeding stages for which it forms a logical first step, are to expand the criteria governing the design (in the largest sense) of urban regions, adding explicit concerns for resource conservation and resilience. Typically overlooked, these criteria aim respectively at ameliorating the impact of urban development on the environment through more efficient and interlinked use of scarce energy and material resources in urban regions, and at minimizing the net costs to the concerned society of the inevitable system or subsystem failures

Chemical Kinetics and Catastrophe Theory

In this paper a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) model of a first-order, exothermic reaction is examined and the existence of a cusp catastrophe is shown. Analytical solutions are developed for the ignition and quenching boundaries. The significance of the results and further extensions are discussed

Combined Migration - Diffusion Models: Analogies for Regional Development

Stimulated by Ross MacKinnon's WP-75-22, "A First Attempt to Combine Interregional Migration and Spatial Diffusion Models," this working paper briefly notes some striking analogies between one view of regional development problems and an extensive literature of models in epidemiology and chemical engineering. It is intended as a stage in continuing discussion and exploration of modeling approaches, and is, therefore, deliberately open-ended and somewhat speculative

Emergency Medical Services in Moscow

At the invitation of the Soviet Committee for Systems Analysis, I visited Moscow in May 1975, to discuss mutual research interests with Soviet scientists and managers. One of the discussion sessions focussed on emergency medical services (EMS), centering in particular on ambulance and associated services in the city of Moscow. Though brief, this session provided a valuable exchange of information, research results, and ideas. It also provided a useful basis for future discussions. This paper presents main points about Moscow's EMS distilled from the session, augmented by parallel research, and notes areas that could fruitfully be pursued in further discussions

Nodulação e crescimento de Cedrelinga catenaeformis Ducke em plantios experimentais na região de Manaus – AM

Cedrelinga catenaeformis is a native forest legume of the Amazon with a recent reasonable commercial value for sawed wood, when obtained from exploitation of primary forests. Various authors have observed that this species shows very desirable silvicultural characteristics like good production of seeds, rapid growth and good stem form. Experimental stands in areas with red-yellow podzolic soils of different textures, showed that the growth (in terms of height) of this species, in contrast to that of others like Eucalyptus deglupta and Carapa guianensis, was not significantly poorer in soils of very low fertility than its growth on the more fertile soils of finer texture. The stands studied were 3 years old with a spacing of 3 x 3 m and 3 plots of 16 trees in each area. Exchangeable bases, organic carbon and total nitrogen of these soils were determined, as well as the dry weight of roots and nodules in trenches 3.0 x 0.4 x 0.4 m in each plot. The results showed that these soils were of low fertility, low in organic carbon, high acidity and high in saturation with aluminium. There were trends towards somewhat higher fertility in the finer textured soils as well as in the surface layers. Root growth was greater in the finer textured soils than in the sandy ones. The dry weight of nodules was higher in the more sandy soils. It is apparent from the results that C. catenaeformis could be utilized in degraded areas of very low soil fertility. Apart from the observed nodulation and mycorrhizal infection, this tree is able to grow well in these low fertility soils because its roots efficiently explore the soil.Cedrelinga catenaeformis é uma leguminosa arbórea nativa de floresta primária da Amazônia, cuja madeira recentemente vem despertando interesse para exploração comercial. Esta espécie apresenta boas características silvoculturais, tais como: crescimento rápido, boa produção de sementes e forma do fuste. Plantios experimentais em áreas com solo Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo de diferentes texturas mostraram que o crescimento desta espécie, em solos muito pobres, ao contrário de Eucalyptus deglupta e Carapa guianensis, não foi significativamente menor que o crescimento em solos mais férteis. Foram determinadas também as bases trocáveis do solo, teor de carbono e nitrogênio total, assim como o peso seco das raízes e nódulos. Os solos estudados apresentaram baixa fertilidade, baixo teor de carbono, acidez e alta saturação de AI, assim como os solos com textura mais fina apresentaram melhor fertilidade, nas camadas superficiais. O crescimento das raízes foi maior no solo de textura fina que no solo arenoso, mas a nodulação foi maior neste último. Os resultados mostraram que C. catenaeformis pode ser usada em solos de baixa fertilidade, apresentando, além de nodulação e infecção com micorrizas, um sistema radicular abundante com possibilidade de explorar eficientemente o solo

Analytical results on quantum interference and magnetoconductance for strongly localized electrons in a magnetic field: Exact summation of forward-scattering paths

We study quantum interference effects on the transition strength for strongly localized electrons hopping on 2D square and 3D cubic lattices in the presence of a magnetic field B. These effects arise from the interference between phase factors associated with different electron paths connecting two distinct sites. For electrons confined on a square lattice, with and without disorder, we obtain closed-form expressions for the tunneling probability, which determines the conductivity, between two arbitrary sites by exactly summing the corresponding phase factors of all forward-scattering paths connecting them. An analytic field-dependent expression, valid in any dimension, for the magnetoconductance (MC) is derived. A positive MC is clearly observed when turning on the magnetic field. In 2D, when the strength of B reaches a certain value, which is inversely proportional to twice the hopping length, the MC is increased by a factor of two compared to that at zero field. We also investigate transport on the much less-studied and experimentally important 3D cubic lattice case, where it is shown how the interference patterns and the small-field behavior of the MC vary according to the orientation of B. The effect on the low-flux MC due to the randomness of the angles between the hopping direction and the orientation of B is also examined analytically.Comment: 24 pages, RevTeX, 8 figures include