219 research outputs found

    Bureaucratic Politics, Presidential Leadership Style and Crisis Decision-Making: Why Obama said Yes to Libya and no to Syria

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    This article examines why the Obama administration in 2011 decided to commit U.S. armed forces into Libya and in 2013 decided to seek congressional authorization for the use of military force in Syria. This paired comparison illustrates how the combined effects of bureaucratic politics and the president’s leadership style contributed to the decision-making process of two different decision-making outcomes. The study finds mixed empirical support for the explanatory power of the bureaucratic politics model in both cases. The study also finds that the extent of presidential preeminence in the decision-making enables the understanding of yes in Libya and no in Syria

    Interactions Between Fire Severity and Forest Biota in the Central Sierra Nevada: Formation and Impact of Small-Scale Fire Refugia and the Effect of Fire on Forest Structure Predictive of Fisher (Pekania pennanti) Den Habitat

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    Fire is a natural and essential component of forests in western North America. Fire maintains biodiversity through the creation of different habitat types, and regular fire rotations reduce the accumulation of woody fuels and thick understory plant densities that give rise to catastrophic fire. The practice of fire exclusion has altered western forests and increased the risk of widespread change under rising temperatures projected for the 21st century. To manage for the reintroduction of fire it is critical that we understand the interactions between fire and forest biota in recently fire-suppressed forests. In Chapter 2, I studied the formation and impact of small-scale fire refugia. Fire refugia are areas within burned forest that experienced relatively little change, and are recognized as important places that offer protection for forest biota (vegetation, wildlife) during and after the fire. Very few studies, however, have examined small-scale fire refugia despite their importance to many organisms (e.g., small mammals, understory plants). In a long-term forest monitoring plot in Yosemite National Park, I mapped all unburned areas ≄ 1 m2 the first year after fire. I found small fire refugia were abundant, somewhat predictable, and fostered increased survival and diversity of nearby plant life. My results suggest that small fire refugia are an important component of burned forests that should be included in management considerations. In Chapter 3, I examined possible fisher habitat in burned areas. Fishers are forest carnivores of high conservation concern due to widespread declines since European settlement and the risk of habitat loss due to fire. An isolated population remains in the Sierra National Forest, where managers are weighing the need to reintroduce fire against possible detrimental impacts to current habitat. My research examined the forest structural characteristics (vegetative cover, heights of different forest layers) surrounding fisher dens. I found suitable thresholds of these structural characteristics in recently burned areas in Yosemite, particularly after low-severity fire. My results suggest that burned areas may offer suitable denning habitat for fishers, though more research is needed to determine if this conclusion holds for all fisher activities (e.g., foraging, resting) and scales of selection

    The migration of adult salmon in VindelÀlvenŽs salmon ladder

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    Lax, Salmo salar, har en anadrom livscykel. Den spenderar delar av sitt liv ute i saltvatten i havet innan den simmar tillbaka till sitt söta hemvatten för lek. För en del laxar blockeras de naturliga vandringsvĂ€garna till lekplatsen av vattenkraftverk. Konstgjorda laxtrappor byggs ibland för att underlĂ€tta vandringen. Denna rapport bestĂ„r av en undersökning av den vuxna laxens migration i VindelĂ€lvens laxtrappa vid kraftverket Norrfors Ă„ren 2017-2019. Innan smolten, den unga laxen, vandrar ut till havet har den dĂ€r mĂ€rkts med radiotaggar som sedan kan registreras pĂ„ antenner i laxtrappan dĂ„ de pĂ„börjar sin klĂ€ttring tillbaka. Tack vare detta gĂ„r det att se om det att bedöma hur lĂ„ng tid olika grupper lax spenderade i diffusorn i början av trappan, hur lĂ„ng tid klĂ€ttringen uppför trappan tog, och hur stor andel av laxen som fullbordade klĂ€ttringen. De senaste Ă„ren har en hög grad sjuklighet observerats bland laxar i bland annat VindelĂ€lven, sĂ€rskilt tidigt pĂ„ sĂ€songen. DĂ€rför Ă€r tidig (lax som kommit juni-juli) och sen (som kom augusti-september) lax en av grupperna som jĂ€mförts. Övriga grupper som jĂ€mförts Ă€r vild lax mot odlad lax, dĂ€r odlad lax har sitt ursprung nedanför trappan, samt grilse mot MSW-lax, dĂ€r grilse Ă€r lax som spenderat en vinter i havet och lax som spenderat flera vintrar i havet kallas MSW-lax (Multi sea winter-lax). Resultaten visade skillnader bĂ„de pĂ„ tiden i diffusorn och tiden för klĂ€ttringen mellan vild och odlad lax. Det fanns ingen skillnad mellan den tidiga och den sena sĂ€songens lax pĂ„ tiden i diffusorn eller tiden för klĂ€ttring. DĂ€remot fanns en skillnad i hur stor andel lax som simmade in i trappan under sĂ€songerna. Skillnaden i andel mellan sĂ€songerna skulle kunna bero pĂ„ den sjukdom som har observerats i VindelĂ€lven. NĂ€r grilse och MSW-lax jĂ€mfördes fanns det en skillnad pĂ„ tiden som spenderades i diffusorn, samt tiden för klĂ€ttringen. Detta kan ocksĂ„ ha pĂ„verkats av sjukdomen.Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, has an anadromous life cycle. They spend parts of their life in saline water in the ocean, and later migrate back to their fresh home waters to spawn. Some salmon find their migration pathways blocked by hydraulic power stations. Here, human-made salmon stairs are sometimes built to make the ascent easier. This report aims to investigate and analyze the adult salmon’s upstream migration up the VindelĂ€lven salmon ladder the year’s 2017-2019. Before the smolt, the young salmon, migrated to the ocean, they were tagged so that they could be registered by antennas in the ladder when they begin their journey back. Because of this it is possible to determine the amount of time different groups of salmon spent in the entrance pool, the amount of time their ascent up the ladder took, and what portion of the salmon managed to successfully finish this ascent. In recent years a high amount of disease has been observed in the river VindelĂ€lven among others, especially early in the season. Because of this, early season salmon (arriving at the ladder in june-july) and late season salmon (arriving in august-september) is one of the groups being compared. The other groups are wild salmon compared with hatchery-reared salmon, and grilse compared with MSW-salmon. Grilse is salmon that has spent only one winter out at sea, while salmon spending more sea winters at sea before spawning are called Multi sea winter-salmon (MSW-salmon). The results showed a difference in both the time spent in the entrance pool and the time spent in the ascent of the ladder between wild and hatchery-reared salmon. There were no differences in the time the early and late season salmon spent in either the entrance pool nor the ladder. There was however a difference in the portion of salmon that begun their ascent up the ladder between the seasons. This difference between the early and the late season could be a result of the disease that has been seen in the river VindelĂ€lven. When grilse and MSW-salmon was compared a difference was found in the time spent in the entrance pool, as well as the time ascending the ladder. These results could also be affected by the disease

    Vid min svans : Mumintrollen i översÀttning

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    Translation is a complex process that requires a lot of considering on different levels in order for the text created by the translator to operate in its new environment. In Japan, words who express the personality of characters, are used frequently in domestically produced popular fiction. These words and ways of expression also find their way into translations. The theme for this essay is the effect this kind of applied use of words have on the relationship between original and translation. The objects of study are the dialogues from Trollvinter by Tove Jansson and its japanese translation. I come to the conclusion that this particular use of words isnÂŽt an essential factor in the alteration of the meaning of the book, but an effect of new demands put up by the framework, since the target group of the translation has been narrowed

    Motivation inom trumundervisningen: en studie om trumelevers inre och yttre motivation

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    Motivation in drum education – A study in drum students intrinsic and extrinsic motivation What motivates drum students to practise their instrument? The purpose of this study is to get an insight of what factors motivates to play and prioritize the instrument. Motivation is of both intrinsic and extrinsic nature. The intrinsic motivation drives us to act without getting any external reward while the extrinsic motivation drives us to act to get a reward that doesn’t have to do with the context. A qualitative survey was implemented where students from school of music, school of art and students from arts program answered questions regarding their interests in drumming. The survey has been processed and interpreted based on hermeneutic theory. The results show that most students who begin to practise an instrument do it because of outer influences. Those who decide to continue their playing have increased the intrinsic motivation and have a goal with their playing. Positive feedback from family and friends is significant and playing in ensemble is considered fun and stimulating.Vad motiverar trumelever att spela sitt instrument? Syftet med denna studie Ă€r att fĂ„ en inblick i vilka faktorer som motiverar att spela och prioritera sitt instrument. Motivation Ă€r av bĂ„de inre och yttre natur. Den inre motivationen driver oss att handla utan att fĂ„ yttre belöning, medan den yttre motivationen driver oss att handla för att fĂ„ en belöning som inte hör ihop med handlingen i sig. En kvalitativ enkĂ€tundersökning har genomförts, dĂ€r elever frĂ„n musikskola, kulturskola och estetiska programmet har svarat pĂ„ kvalitativa frĂ„gor angĂ„ende deras intresse för trummor. EnkĂ€ten har bearbetats och tolkats med grund i hermeneutiken. Resultatet visar att de flesta som börjar spela ett instrument gör det av en yttre pĂ„verkan. De som vĂ€ljer att spela under en lĂ€ngre tid har hittat den inre motivationen och har ett mĂ„l med sitt spelande. Positiva reaktioner frĂ„n omgivningen Ă€r betydande och att spela tillsammans med andra anses vara bĂ„de roligt och viktigt för utvecklingen

    Genomic selection for beef cattle

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    Genomic selection (GS) is used for selection of breeding animals of dairy cattle. GS is though not as extensively used within the beef industry. One reason for that is the low accuracy (rTI) of the breeding value that is of great importance for the final genetic gain. Causes to the low accuracy are high effective population size, a small reference population and a genetically differentiated population. There is however a market for genomic selection with High Density (HD) tests for beef cattle. It is foremost offered to Black Angus where a HD test of 50 000 markers are used for production traits. GS for beef cattle could be utilised for traits that are expensive or difficult to measure, for example feed efficiency, marbling and tenderness. The big advantage with a well-functioning GS is that it reduces the generation interval and that enhances the final genetic gain.Genomisk selektion (GS) anvÀnds i dag inom mjölkkoaveln. GS anvÀnds dock inte lika frekvent inom köttrasaveln. En anledning till det Àr lÄg sÀkerhet pÄ avelsvÀrdena vilket i sig har stor betydelse för det slutliga genetiska framsteget. Bidragande orsaker till den lÄga sÀkerheten Àr en liten referenspopulation, hög effektiv populationsstorlek (Ne) och en population som Àr genetiskt differentierad frÄn de större populationerna i Europa. Utbudet av GS för köttraser Àr störst för svart angus, med högdensitetstest med över 50 000 markörer för ett antal produktionsegenskaper. Fördelen med GS Àr att det minskar generationsintervallet vilket ger ett snabbare genetiskt framsteg. För köttraser skulle GS kunna anvÀndas för produktionsegenskaper som Àr kostsamma eller svÄra att mÀta, sÄ som fodereffektivitet, marmorering och mörhet

    Effects of extruded linseed on methane emission and milk production of dairy cows

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    The agriculture sector is one of the major sources to produce greenhouse gases of today. One big contributor is methane (CH4) generated during rumen digestion of the feed carbohydrates. One approach to lower CH4 output from the agriculture sector, is to change the diet for the cows. Diets with extruded linseed (EL) have in earlier studies showed to have a lowering effect on CH4 output from cows. Previous studies have shown correlations between CH4 output and fatty acid (FA) profile of milkfat. EL has also shown in previous studies to influence the FA profile in milkfat. The objects of this study were to evaluate if CH4 output can be reduced if diets are supplemented with extruded linseed, if CH4 increases the concentration of unsaturated FA in milk fat, and the effect of EL on milk yield. In this study a total of 177 cows from five herds were individually scanned for CH4 output, milk fatty acid profile and milk yield. Cows were studied while fed a control diet, during the treatment diet with EL and when going back to the control diet again. EL diets had no effect on milk yield but increased the unsaturated FA in the milk. EL also decreased the CH4 output from the cows with 22% from the first control period to the treatment diet, however there was no increase of CH4 output between treatment period and second control period. Conclusion of this master thesis is that Extruded linseed did not affect the milk yield. EL had an effect on milk fat composition. Due to the unreliable measuring method of methane this study could not point out an obvious decrease of CH4 due to EL.Lantbruket Àr en betydande kÀlla till dagens globala utslÀpp av vÀxthusgaser. VÀxthusgasen metan produceras i kons vÄm nÀr fodret smÀlts. Ett sÀtt att minska dessa utslÀpp frÄn lantbrukssektorn Àr att förÀndra foderstaten för boskapen. Att inkludera extruderat linfrö (EL) i foderstaten har i tidigare försök visat sig minska metanutslÀppet. Tidigare försök har Àven visat att det finns en korrelation mellan metanutslÀpp och mjölkfettets fettsyreprofil samt att EL pÄverkar mjölkfettets fettsyreprofil. I denna studie har totalt 177 kor frÄn 5 gÄrdar medverkat för att undersöka ELs effekt pÄ mjölkavkastning, fettsyrasamansÀttningen i mjölken och metanutslÀpp frÄn kor. Kornas metanutslÀpp mÀttes totalt tre gÄnger under testperioden. Första gÄngen under en kontrollfoderstat andra gÄngen under behandlingsfoderstat med EL och slutligen under ytterligare en kontrollfoderstat. Denna studie visar att EL inte hade nÄgon effekt pÄ mjölkavkastningen. EL ökade de omÀttade fettsyrorna och minskade de mÀttade fettsyrorna i mjölken. EL minskade metan utslÀppen per kg ECM med 22 % mellan första kontrollperioden och den följande perioden med behandlingsfoderstaten. Dock erhölls ingen förÀndring i metanutslÀpp dÄ korna Äter fick kontrollfoderstaten. Slutsatsen av denna studie Àr att EL hade en effekt pÄ mjölkfettsyraprofilen. PÄ grund av mÀtmetoden kunde inte studien visa pÄ ett tydligt minskat metanutslÀpp beroende pÄ EL

    TrÀningstvÄng pÄ jobbet - Hur kan trÀning införas under arbetstid och bli en del av arbetsskyldigheten?

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    Mot bakgrund av att vissa arbetsgivare infört obligatorisk trĂ€ning under arbetstid för sina anstĂ€llda Ă€r syftet med denna uppsats att utreda vilken möjlighet arbetsgivare har att beordra sina anstĂ€llda att trĂ€na under arbetstid. Uppsatsen utreder hur trĂ€ning kan införas som del av arbetsskyldigheten, hur arbetsgivaren bör beakta sitt arbetsmiljöansvar och var grĂ€nsen gĂ„r för arbetstagares personliga integritet. Slutsatserna Ă€r som följer. TrĂ€ning kan, under vissa förutsĂ€ttningar, införas som del av arbetsskyldigheten genom anstĂ€llningsavtal och omreglering av anstĂ€llningsavtal. För att införa trĂ€ning pĂ„ en kollektiv nivĂ„ kan det göras antingen genom kollektivavtal eller genom arbetsledningsbeslut (om det finns en koppling till arbetsgivarens naturliga verksamhetsomrĂ„de). Vad gĂ€ller personlig integritet mĂ„ste arbetsgivaren beakta att eventuella uppgifter som samlas in vid arbetstagarnas trĂ€ning behandlas enligt personuppgiftslagen. TrĂ€ning kan ses som en kompletterande del till arbetsmiljöarbetet och nĂ€r trĂ€ning införs sĂ„ bör ett helhetsperspektiv pĂ„ arbetsmiljön beaktasIn the context of some employers introducing mandatory exercise for employees, the aim of this thesis is to explore the extent to which employers can order their employees to exercice during working hours. Focus is on investigating how exercise can be introduced as part of work obligation and how the employer should take into account their responsibility for the working environment, as well as the limits on employees’ privacy. The conclusions are as follows: Exercise may, under certain conditions, be introduced as part of work obligations through individual contracts and re-regulation of contracts. Exercise can be introduced on a collective level, through either collective bargaining or management decisions (if there is a connection with the employer's business area). In regards to privacy, the employer must take into account that data collected during employees’ exercise is dealt with under the Personal Data Act (personuppgiftslagen). Training can be seen as a complement to the employer taking measures in regards to work environment and there needs to be a holistic perspective on the working envorinment when employee exercise is implemented

    Interacting Interests: Explaining President ObamaÂŽs Libyan Decision

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    This article investigates why President Obama in 2011 ordered US air and naval forces to launch Operation Odyssey Dawn in Libya. The president’s decision was the result of a combination of factors, including feelings of altruism, the legal basis for the operation, international support, domestic political constraints and the possibility to limit U.S. participation. The case study attempt to trace the process by which Obama came to the decision to use force in Libya by relying on a multitude of different sources, such as government reports, speeches and remarks, parliamentary records, media coverage, secondary sources

    Wood in psychiatric in-patient rooms may reduce the length of stay for patients

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    Objective – To outline a study of healthcare outcomes for psychiatric patients within an in-patient psychiatric ward. The planned study was initiated as a follow-up of the design process, where emphasis was made to use interior surfaces of wood in a new Swedish psychiatric building. Background –The influence of the physical environment for treatment outcomes within somatic care has been acknowledge for decades. Today there is also a growing amount of research within the field of psychiatric health facilities. View of, and access to, nature have shown to be of major importance. Recent research suggests that wood in patient rooms may have a healing effect. Research question – Does the use of wood in psychiatric in-patient rooms have positive health outcomes, such as reduced length of stay for patients and reduced stress levels? Method – The quantitative study will be executed in a new Swedish psychiatric building with 96 in-patient rooms in 4 wards. Each ward is divided into modules (6 patients/module). The study has a comparative approach: treatment outcomes in a module where patient rooms with wood covered facade-walls (n=2) will be compared to rooms with painted plaster façade-walls (n=2) and artificial wood panels (n=2). Patients in the module, intended for a special but general diagnosis, will be placed randomly in rooms with or without wood surfaces. All patient rooms are Ă©n-suite rooms. The staff is identical between rooms. All patient rooms have identical orientation. Results – An outline of a study in a psychiatric hospital is presented. This includes aspects related to research design, participation from patients, ethical considerations and statistical power of the planned experiment. Final outcomes from the study will be carried out after the new psychiatric building is inaugurated in 2020. Conclusion – Choice of building material can be an important measure to include in the design of health facilities. The study will provide new insights into what materials can be used and how they should be used to maximise possible beneficial health effects. Several aspects of architectural design can influence users in the built environment. Thus, there can be confounding factors influencing patientsÂŽ health and psychological well-being.publishedVersio
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