Hugo Grotius on Trust, Its Causes and Effects

Introduction Trust is most present when it goes unnoticed. He who is wary that relevant others take his own interest into account when they (inter)act is distrustful, a situation that calls for trust restoring actions. In a fundamental sense, trust is the absence of distrust. He who trusts counts on others taking his interest into account, something that is built into the relationship. The same applies to ‘bona fides’ in agreements. When we contract we understand the other party to be interested in having the terms of the contract materialize, without subterfuge or cheating.To contract involves in one sense or another a joint belief in a positive outcome. But in our analytical, self-interested world we tend to dissect this trust into a) a perception on the part of the trustor, and b) a motivation on the part of the trustee. ‘Pacta sunt servanda’ is one way to express this relationship. The trustor can trust, because the norm for the trustee is to perform his contracts. We look for guarantees and the guarantee of trust is here a strong theory of obligation, be it in terms of a moral or a political theory. Who doesn’t perform his contracts goes to hell, c.q. to prison. That will make them behave

Patriots, contracts and other patterns of trust in a polyarchic society: the Dutch 17th century

It is sometimes appropriate to look at things in a slightly different light, and transpose their meaning to a different level. In this contribution to patriotism in the early-modern period I intend to show that at least part of this deconstruction lived in the imagination of the actors of the period. Thus when I claim that patriotism in the late-sixteenth and seventeenth Dutch centuries might be regarded as one of the alternatives (and a discarded one, for that matter) in the quest for political and social stability, and that religion was considered a better candidate, I will try and validate this claim by textual proof from the sources

Hugo Grotius: Religion und Politik

In diesem Kapitel soll versucht werden, Grotius als politischen Philosophen im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes zu betrachten. Sein Beitrag zur politischen Theologie und religiösen Politik wird hier nachgezeichnet, da Grotius die großen, doch noch immer kaum erkennbaren Fragen des 17. Jahrhunderts ansprach. Dabei stellen wir ihn gleichberechtigt neben andere große politische Philosophen des 17. Jahrhunderts, wie vor allem Hobbes, Spinoza, Pufen-dorf und Locke

Bicameralism-history-theory-problems.

Sin resume

Grotius and Socinianism

In this article I will discuss the position of this anti-Socinian tract of Grotius within the context of his early writings, as well as its reception. In due course it will become evident that the opinion of the modern editor of this text that De satisfactione is essential a work in theology is misguided. Not only does Grotius take issue with the deeper dimensions of Dutch theological politics, but also we do find here the origins of that radical Grotian politics that one is now wont to identify with radical Enlightenment. In a restricted sense the issue at hand is that of the nature of punishment

The use of dynamic control in periodic counter current chromatography

The interest for use of continuous processing in biotech downstream operations is rapidly growing, driven by the gains in productivity, product stability and reduced cost of goods. Continuous processing encompasses a range of different approaches and can relate to both single step operations as well as semi- to fully continuous processes. Improvements in equipment and hardware have now made several commercial systems for continuous chromatography available. As implementation of various strategies for continuous processing becomes more common, the demand/need for reliability in monitoring with existing hardware solutions is steadily increasing. Integration of process analytical technologies will be the determining factor for successful implementation at clinical/bioprocess scale. Periodic counter current chromatography as used by the ÄKTA™ pcc system is one technology enabling continuous processing. A key feature associated with operation of this system is the intrinsic ability supplied by the dynamic control function to automatically cope with variations related to fluctuations in feed compositions e.g. when using perfusion feed and/or changes in chromatographic media performance occur.The capacity of the embedded control strategy will be demonstrated by examples from affinity purification of monoclonal antibodies and human IgG using Protein A chromatographic media. This will include the ability of the dynamic control to adapt to varying product titer in the feed as well as varying the dynamic binding capacity of individual columns. Additionally, different applications involving both bind/elute as well as flow through modes of chromatography will be discussed

On the occurrence of Schistidium subconfertum and S. succulentum in Europe

We here clarify that currently there are no records of the Asiatic Schistidium subconfertum (Broth.) Deguchi in Europe. The only European specimen referred to this species represents S. succulentum Ignatova & H.H. Blom, a taxon rather recently described from Caucasus. Furthermore, we provide new records of the latter species in the French and Swiss Alps. The two species share a reduced peristome, but can be distinguished by characteristics of the gametophyte such as lamina thickness (unistratous in S. subconfertum versus partially bistratous in S. succulentum) and shallowly versus strongly projecting costa

Using podcasting for blended learning

Blended learning is a hybrid learning format combining some of the best features of distance learning and traditional face-to-face classes. Through the use of online course management sites and other media, students can access material at their convenience and attend a reduced number of classes that then emphasize interaction. This educational opportunity is especially valuable for working adults who cannot attend traditional classes. However, the lack of lectures can be a challenge for students who learn best by hearing. Podcasting, which involves the creation and distribution of audio and/or video files, is one tool that can help students to learn better and more easily

The genus Xanthomendoza in Norway

We distinguish five Xanthomendoza species in Norway, viz., X. borealis, X. fallax, X. fulva, X. oregana, and X. ulophyllodes, based on morphology and molecular evidence. This paper gives an updated taxonomy of the Norwegian species of Xanthomendoza, and addresses previous misconceptions. Xanthomendoza ulophyllodes is reported as occurring in Norway. The species was previously misunderstood in Norway and removed fromthe Nordic checklist. We show that the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) is a useful barcode marker for the treated species. We provide a key and short descriptions of the species, with notes on specific issues, ecology, geographic distribution, illustrations, maps, and a DNA reference library (DNA barcoding).publishedVersio