Current and future trends in public sector reform: The views of trade unions and consultants in ten European countries.

__Abstract__ While public sector reform has been a constant process, sometimes evolutionary and sometimes revolutionary, the financial crisis that started in 2008, along with the streamlining and efficiency aims of New Public Management paradigms that began to emerge in the 1980s, have increased the focus on current trends in reform in Europe and what this means for the future of the public sector. This report draws on a total of 59 interviews conducted in 10 countries with top public sector consultants and public sector trade unions to determine perceptions of current trends in the public sector in each of the countries, as well as the future of public sector reform. The interviews were conducted according to a standardised set of questions, although they were conducted in each country’s native language. Interviewees were asked background questions about their role in regard to the public sector, along with questions about the state of public administration in their country, specific public sector reform factors that had improved or deteriorated over the past five years, the effects of these reforms on their work and what trends they saw shaping the future of the public sector

Molecular architecture and activation of the insecticidal protein Vip3Aa from Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3 (Vegetative Insecticidal Protein 3) toxins are widely used in biotech crops to control Lepidopteran pests. These proteins are produced as inactive protoxins that need to be activated by midgut proteases to trigger cell death. However, little is known about their three-dimensional organization and activation mechanism at the molecular level. Here, we have determined the structures of the protoxin and the protease-activated state of Vip3Aa at 2.9 Å using cryo-electron microscopy. The reconstructions show that the protoxin assembles into a pyramid-shaped tetramer with the C-terminal domains exposed to the solvent and the N-terminal region folded into a spring-loaded apex that, after protease activation, drastically remodels into an extended needle by a mechanism akin to that of influenza haemagglutinin. These results provide the molecular basis for Vip3 activation and function, and serves as a strong foundation for the development of more efficient insecticidal proteins

Current and future trends in public sector reform: The views of trade unions and consultants in ten European countries

status: publishe

Two-laser dual-immunofluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy using Cy2- and Cy5-conjugated secondary antibodies: unequivocal detection of co-localization of neuronal markers

The ability of the confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) to visualize in one focal plane the fluorescence associated with multiple markers renders this instrument extremely valuable for the study of co- localization of various markers in the somata and cellular processes of neurons. In the present protocol we deal with the question whether or not co- localization exists in neurons of two different neuronal markers. The conventionally used method towards answering this type of question is double- immunofluorescence microscopy. Fundamental to this approach, independent from whether the preparations are observed in a normal fluorescence microscope or in a CLSM, is that each of the applied fluorescent labels should not chemically interact with the other label or inadvertently be visible through the illumination/filter setup designed for the other fluorophore. In the field of double-label CLSM, three types of approach are distinguished: the single-laser, two-color approach, the two-laser, two-color approach, and the time-resolved approach (Brismar and Ulfhake, 1997). Each type of approach has its own advantages and disadvantages. In the instrument in our institute (a Zeiss LSM 410), combinations of fluorophores like fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) are less useful, since TRITC produces a detectable signal in the FITC illumination/filter setup. Instead of experimenting with filter sets we have chosen to take two measures to eliminate this problem. Our first measure is to use fluorophores whose absorption/emission spectra overlap as little as possible. We have selected among the recently developed carbocyanine fluorophores one fluorescing in the visible range (Cy2(TM)) (green, in the same range as FITC and with much better resistance to fading than FITC; cf. Hartig et al., 1996), and another fluorescing in the near infrared range (Cy5(TM), infrared; cf. Mesce et al., 1993). Our second measure to ensure excellent signal separation is the adoption of a two-laser, two-color approach. Co- localization of the calcium binding protein, calretinin, and a neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in interneurons in the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus of the rat was used as the principal test model. We compare the above two-laser, two-color approach with a single- laser, two-color CLSM approach using as markers Cy2 and the red fluorophore, Texas Red (physical characteristics resembling TRITC). In this paper considerable attention is paid to control experiments to verify the reliability of the staining procedure. The results show that our two-laser, two-color CLSM approach produces a complete and unambiguous separation of the fluorescent labels, Cy2 and Cy5. We are currently using this method to determine the degree of co-localization of neurochemical substances in CNS neurons

Prescription data as a tool in pharmacotherapy audit (I) general considerations

This article discusses how prescription data that are available from pharmacies can be used as a tool to support the improvement of prescribing behaviour. For the optimal use of prescription data in pharmacotherapeutic audit, the specific aim of the audit meeting must be clear. Next, appropriate measures (quality of drug choice, volume, cost) have to be selected for the presentation and discussion of prescribing. For several aims of audit meetings, suggestions for adequate measures are given. For each stage of behavioural change the article describes why and how prescription data can provide a useful contribution. Finally, recommendations are given regarding prerequisites for the optimal use of prescription data. Important factors are that the prescription data should sufficiently cover the physicians' patient population, information regarding the extent of repeat prescribing is needed, and the prescribing of drugs with multiple indications can cause difficulties with the interpretation of the graphs. With this information in mind, feedback on prescribing can be tailored to the audit groups' needs and targeted to the intervention that is pursued

Prescription data as a tool in pharmacotherapy audit (I) general considerations

This article discusses how prescription data that are available from pharmacies can be used as a tool to support the improvement of prescribing behaviour. For the optimal use of prescription data in pharmacotherapeutic audit, the specific aim of the audit meeting must be clear. Next, appropriate measures (quality of drug choice, volume, cost) have to be selected for the presentation and discussion of prescribing. For several aims of audit meetings, suggestions for adequate measures are given. For each stage of behavioural change the article describes why and how prescription data can provide a useful contribution.Finally, recommendations are given regarding prerequisites for the optimal use of prescription data. Important factors are that the prescription data should sufficiently cover the physicians' patient population, information regarding the extent of repeat prescribing is needed, and the prescribing of drugs with multiple indications can cause difficulties with the interpretation of the graphs. With this information in mind, feedback on prescribing can be tailored to the audit groups' needs and targeted to the intervention that is pursued.</p