An Economic Analysis of Control of the Western Corn Rootworm Variant across Indiana

A variant of the western corn rootworm (CRW) has adapted to the widely used cultural practice of crop rotation. This study analyzed the economic value of control options controlling the western CRW variant across Indiana. The options analyzed are soil insecticides, seed-applied insecticides, the recently commercialized genetically modified corn to resist CRW (CRW corn), or not controlling the western CRW variant. The results suggest that the economic value of CRW corn may exceed that of the alternative options for corn producers with high western CRW variant pressure, irrespective of producers' risk aversion levels and have the highest economic value for risk-averse producers in the moderate western CRW variant pressure region of Indiana.Crop Production/Industries,

Panel II Discussion: The Anatomy of 1983 Litigation: Best Practices in Successful Civil Rights Litigation

The Civil Rights Act of 1871 is a federal statute, numbered 42 U.S.C. § 1983, that allows people to sue the government for civil rights violations. It applies when someone acting “under color of” state-level or local law has deprived a person of rights created by the U.S. Constitution or federal statutes. It is often the basis for relief when someone has been the victim of excessive use of force or other police misconduct, ostensibly while under the authority generally vested by the state or municipality. The Qualified Immunity defense in 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims often make them difficult to succeed, in that an element is that the rights were so clearly established that a reasonable officer would have known their conduct was a violation.33 This session of the symposium addressed the following elements of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 litigation: • The Beginning: Client and Forum Assessment, Drafting of the Complaint, identifying available resources, determining whether to join co-counsel and Media • Next Steps: Motions to Dismiss and Understanding Immunities and Pleading Requirements, Discovery (including custom, pattern, policy, and practice, and moving force) and Motions for Summary Judgment • Deciding a Trial Strategy • Jury Selection and Voir Dire (including how to handle jury selection in courts that do not permit voir dire or that permit extremely limited voir dire) • The Trial • Holding onto your Verdic

Disruption of Lateral Olivocochlear Neurons via a Dopaminergic Neurotoxin Depresses Sound-Evoked Auditory Nerve Activity

We applied the dopaminergic (DA) neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to the guinea pig cochlear perilymph. Immunolabeling of lateral olivocochlear (LOC) neurons using antibodies against synaptophysin was reduced after the MPTP treatment. In contrast, labeling of the medial olivocochlear innervation remained intact. As after brainstem lesions of the lateral superior olive (LSO), the site of origin of the LOC neurons, the main effect of disrupting LOC innervation of the cochlea via MPTP was a depression of the amplitude of the compound action potential (CAP). CAP amplitude depression was similar to that produced by LSO lesions. Latency of the N1 component of the CAP, and distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitude and adaptation were unchanged by the MPTP treatment. This technique for selectively lesioning descending LOC efferents provides a new opportunity for examining LOC modulation of afferent activity and behavioral measures of perception.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/41386/1/10162_2004_Article_2429.pd

Disruption of Lateral Efferent Pathways: Functional Changes in Auditory Evoked Responses

The functional consequences of selectively lesioning the lateral olivocochlear efferent system in guinea pigs were studied. The lateral superior olive (LSO) contains the cell bodies of lateral olivocochlear neurons. Melittin, a cytotoxic chemical, was injected into the brain stem using stereotaxic coordinates and near-field evoked potentials to target the LSO. Brain stem histology revealed discrete damage to the LSO following the injections. Functional consequences of this damage were reflected in depressed amplitude of the compound action potential of the eighth nerve (CAP) following the lesion. Threshold sensitivity and N1 latencies were relatively unchanged. Onset adaptation of the cubic distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) was evident, suggesting a reasonably intact medial efferent system. The present results provide the first report of functional changes induced by isolated manipulation of the lateral efferent pathway. They also confirm the suggestion that changes in single-unit auditory nerve activity after cutting the olivocochlear bundle are probably a consequence of disrupting the more lateral of the two olivocochlear efferent pathways.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/41379/1/10162_2002_Article_3018.pd

Electronic Prehospital Records are Often Unavailable for Emergency Department Medical Decision Making

Introduction: To determine emergency physician (EP) opinions of prehospital patient care reports (PCRs) and whether such reports are available at the time of emergency department (ED) medical decision-making.Methods: Prospective, cross-sectional, electronic web-based survey of EPs regarding preferences and availability of prehospital PCRs at the time of ED medical decision-making.Results: We sent the survey to 1,932 EPs via 4 American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) email lists. As a result, 228 (11.8%) of email list members from 31 states and the District of Columbia completed the survey. Most respondents preferred electronic prehospital PCRs as opposed to handwritten prehospital PCRs (52.2% [95% confidence interval (CI): 49.1, 55.3] vs. 17.1% [95%CI: 11.7, 22.5]). The remaining respondents (30.5% [95%CI: 26.0, 35.0]) had no preference or had seen only one type of PCR. Of the respondents, 45.6% [95%CI: 42.1, 48.7] stated PCRs were “very important” while 43.0% [95% CI: 39.3, 46.7] rated PCRs as “important” in their ED practice. Most respondents (79.6% [95%CI: 76.5, 82.7]) reported electronic prehospital PCRs were available ≤50% of the time for medical decision-making while 20.4% [95%CI: 9.2, 31.6] reported that electronic prehospital PCRs were available > 50% of the time (P=0.00). A majority of participants (77.6% [95%CI: 74.5, 80.7]) reported that handwritten prehospital PCRs were available ≥ 50% while 22.4% [95%CI: 11.8, 33.0] of the time for medical decision-making (P=0.00).Conclusion: EPs in this study felt that prehospital PCRs were important to their ED practice and preferred electronic prehospital PCRs over handwritten PCRs. However, most electronic prehospital PCRs were unavailable at the time of ED medical decision-making. Although handwritten prehospital PCRs were more readily available, legibility and accuracy were reported concerns. This study suggest that strategies should be devised to improve the overall accuracy of PCRs and assure that electronic prehospital PCRs are delivered to the receiving ED in time for consideration in ED medical decision-making. [West J Emerg Med. 2013;14(5):482–488.

Electronic Prehospital Records are Often Unavailable for Emergency Department Medical Decision Making

Introduction: To determine emergency physician (EP) opinions of prehospital patient care reports (PCRs) and whether such reports are available at the time of emergency department (ED) medical decision-making.Methods: Prospective, cross-sectional, electronic web-based survey of EPs regarding preferences and availability of prehospital PCRs at the time of ED medical decision-making.Results: We sent the survey to 1,932 EPs via 4 American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) email lists. As a result, 228 (11.8%) of email list members from 31 states and the District of Columbia completed the survey. Most respondents preferred electronic prehospital PCRs as opposed to handwritten prehospital PCRs (52.2% [95% confidence interval (CI): 49.1, 55.3] vs. 17.1% [95%CI: 11.7, 22.5]). The remaining respondents (30.5% [95%CI: 26.0, 35.0]) had no preference or had seen only one type of PCR. Of the respondents, 45.6% [95%CI: 42.1, 48.7] stated PCRs were “very important” while 43.0% [95% CI: 39.3, 46.7] rated PCRs as “important” in their ED practice. Most respondents (79.6% [95%CI: 76.5, 82.7]) reported electronic prehospital PCRs were available ≤50% of the time for medical decision-making while 20.4% [95%CI: 9.2, 31.6] reported that electronic prehospital PCRs were available > 50% of the time (P=0.00). A majority of participants (77.6% [95%CI: 74.5, 80.7]) reported that handwritten prehospital PCRs were available ≥ 50% while 22.4% [95%CI: 11.8, 33.0] of the time for medical decision-making (P=0.00).Conclusion: EPs in this study felt that prehospital PCRs were important to their ED practice and preferred electronic prehospital PCRs over handwritten PCRs. However, most electronic prehospital PCRs were unavailable at the time of ED medical decision-making. Although handwritten prehospital PCRs were more readily available, legibility and accuracy were reported concerns. This study suggest that strategies should be devised to improve the overall accuracy of PCRs and assure that electronic prehospital PCRs are delivered to the receiving ED in time for consideration in ED medical decision-making. [West J Emerg Med. 2013;14(5):482–488.

AGU hydrology days 2004

24th annual AGU hydrology days was held at Colorado State University on March 10-12, 2004.Includes bibliographical references.Urbanization of a watershed increases impervious area, and consequently increases stormwater runoff. When left uncontrolled, these increases in stormwater runoff cause downstream flooding, accelerate channel erosion, and impair aquatic habitat. Increases in the magnitude and duration of stormwater runoff that accompany uncontrolled development allow a stream to carry more sediment than it could prior to watershed development. When a watershed cannot supply the stream with the volume of sediment it has the capacity to carry, channel degradation may occur in the form of incision, lateral migration, or a combination of both. This study evaluates the potential impact of watershed development on sediment transport in a prototype headwater stream subjected to typical residential development. Event based and continuous simulations, using 50 years of hourly rainfall records were performed with two climatically different locales. The first in the semiarid climate of Fort Collins, Colorado and the other in a typical southeastern climate, Atlanta, Georgia. Five conditions were evaluated for the study watershed, including: current (undeveloped) conditions, fully developed conditions, without stormwater controls, and fully developed conditions with stormwater controlled using (a) the City of Fort Collins flood control standard, (b) the City of Fort Collins flood control standard and water quality capture volume (WQCV) criteria, and, (c) using common standards of practice in the United States: control of the 100- and 2-year storms to historic peak discharge rates and control of the WQCV. For each scenario examined, sediment transport potential is evaluated for two noncohesive soil types: medium gravel and medium sand

An Economic Analysis of Control of the Western Corn Rootworm Variant across Indiana

A variant of the western corn rootworm (CRW) has adapted to the widely used cultural practice of crop rotation. This study analyzed the economic value of control options controlling the western CRW variant across Indiana. The options analyzed are soil insecticides, seed-applied insecticides, the recently commercialized genetically modified corn to resist CRW (CRW corn), or not controlling the western CRW variant. The results suggest that the economic value of CRW corn may exceed that of the alternative options for corn producers with high western CRW variant pressure, irrespective of producers' risk aversion levels and have the highest economic value for risk-averse producers in the moderate western CRW variant pressure region of Indiana

Effect of Seed Blends and Soil-Insecticide on Western and Northern Corn Rootworm Emergence from mCry3A1+ eCry3.1Ab Bt Maize

Seed blends containing various ratios of transgenic Bt maize (Zea mays L.) expressing the mCry3A+eCry3.1Ab proteins and non-Bt maize (near-isoline maize) were deployed alone and in combination with a soil applied pyrethroid insecticide (Force CS) to evaluate the emergence of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, in a total of nine field environments across the Midwestern United States in 2010 and 2011. Northern corn rootworm, Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence emergence was also evaluated in four of these environments. Both western and northern corn rootworm beetle emergence from all Bt treatments was significantly reduced when compared with beetle emergence from near-isoline treatments. Averaged across all environments, western corn rootworm beetle emergence from 95:5, 90:10, and 80:20 seed blend ratios of mCry3A+eCry3.1Ab: near-isoline were 2.6-, 4.2-, and 6.7-fold greater than that from the 100:0 ratio treatment. Northern corn rootworm emergence from the same seed blend treatments resulted in 2.8-, 3.2-, and 4.2-fold more beetles than from the 100:0 treatment. The addition of Force CS (tefluthrin) significantly reduced western corn rootworm beetle emergence for each of the three treatments to which it was applied. Force CS also significantly delayed the number of days to 50% beetle emergence in western corn rootworms. Time to 50% beetle emergence in the 100% mCry3A+eCry3.1Ab treatment with Force CS was delayed 13.7 d when compared with western corn rootworm beetle emergence on near-isoline corn. These data are discussed in terms of rootworm resistance management