Late time cosmic acceleration from vacuum Brans-Dicke theory in 5D

We show that the scalar-vacuum Brans-Dicke equations in 5D are equivalent to Brans-Dicke theory in 4D with a self interacting potential and an effective matter field. The cosmological implication, in the context of FRW models, is that the observed accelerated expansion of the universe comes naturally from the condition that the scalar field is not a ghost, i.e., $\omega > - 3/2$. We find an effective matter-dominated 4D universe which shows accelerated expansion if $- 3/2 < \omega < - 1$. We study the question of whether accelerated expansion can be made compatible with large values of $\omega$, within the framework of a 5D scalar-vacuum Brans-Dicke theory with variable, instead of constant, parameter $\omega$. In this framework, and based on a general class of solutions of the field equations, we demonstrate that accelerated expansion is incompatible with large values of $\omega$.Comment: In V2 the summary section is expanded. To be published in Classical and Quantum Gravity

Inertial mechanism: dynamical mass as a source of particle creation

A kinetic theory of vacuum particle creation under the action of an inertial mechanism is constructed within a nonpertrubative dynamical approach. At the semi-phenomenological level, the inertial mechanism corresponds to quantum field theory with a time-dependent mass. At the microscopic level, such a dependence may be caused by different reasons: The non-stationary Higgs mechanism, the influence of a mean field or condensate, the presence of the conformal multiplier in the scalar-tensor gravitation theory etc. In what follows, a kinetic theory in the collisionless approximation is developed for scalar, spinor and massive vector fields in the framework of the oscillator representation, which is an effective tool for transition to the quasiparticle description and for derivation of non-Markovian kinetic equations. Properties of these equations and relevant observables (particle number and energy densities, pressure) are studied. The developed theory is applied here to describe the vacuum matter creation in conformal cosmological models and discuss the problem of the observed number density of photons in the cosmic microwave background radiation. As other example, the self-consistent evolution of scalar fields with non-monotonic self-interaction potentials (the W-potential and Witten - Di Vecchia - Veneziano model) is considered. In particular, conditions for appearance of tachyonic modes and a problem of the relevant definition of a vacuum state are considered.Comment: 51 pages, 18 figures, submitted to PEPAN (JINR, Dubna); v2: added reference

General Relativity and Weyl Geometry

We show that the general theory of relativity can be formulated in the language of Weyl geometry. We develop the concept of Weyl frames and point out that the new mathematical formalism may lead to different pictures of the same gravitational phenomena. We show that in an arbitrary Weyl frame general relativity, which takes the form of a scalar-tensor gravitational theory, is invariant with respect to Weyl tranformations. A kew point in the development of the formalism is to build an action that is manifestly invariant with respect to Weyl transformations. When this action is expressed in terms of Riemannian geometry we find that the theory has some similarities with Brans-Dicke gravitational theory. In this scenario, the gravitational field is not described by the metric tensor only, but by a combination of both the metric and a geometrical scalar field. We illustrate this point by, firstly, discussing the Newtonian limit in an arbitrary frame, and, secondly, by examining how distinct geometrical and physical pictures of the same phenomena may arise in different frames. To give an example, we discuss the gravitational spectral shift as viewed in a general Weyl frame. We further explore the analogy of general relativity with scalar-tensor theories and show how a known Brans-Dicke vacuum solution may appear as a solution of general relativity theory when reinterpreted in a particular Weyl frame. Finally, we show that the so-called WIST gravity theories are mathematically equivalent to Brans-Dicke theory when viewed in a particular frame.Comment: LATEX, 22 page

General classification of charged test particle circular orbits in Reissner–Nordström spacetime

Abstract We investigate charged particles’ circular motion in the gravitational field of a charged mass distribution described by the Reissner–Nordström spacetime. We introduce a set of independent parameters completely characterizing the different spatial regions in which circular motion is allowed. We provide a most complete classification of circular orbits for different sets of particle and source charge-to-mass ratios. We study both black holes and naked singularities and show that the behavior of charged particles depend drastically on the type of source. Our analysis shows in an alternative manner that the behavior of circular orbits can in principle be used to distinguish between black holes and naked singularities. From this analysis, special limiting values for the dimensionless charge of black hole and naked singularity emerge, namely, Q/M $$=$$ = 1/2, $$Q/M=\sqrt{13}/5$$ Q / M = 13 / 5 and $$Q/M=\sqrt{2/3}$$ Q / M = 2 / 3 for the black hole case and Q/M $$=$$ = 1, $$Q/M=5/ (2 \sqrt{6})$$ Q / M = 5 / ( 2 6 ) , $$Q/M=3 \sqrt{6}/7$$ Q / M = 3 6 / 7 , and finally $$Q/M= \sqrt{9/8}$$ Q / M = 9 / 8 for the naked singularity case. Similarly and surprisingly, analogous limits emerge for the orbiting particles charge-to-mass ratio $$\epsilon$$ ϵ , for positive charges $$\epsilon =1$$ ϵ = 1 , $$\epsilon =2$$ ϵ = 2 and $$\epsilon =M/Q$$ ϵ = M / Q . These limits play an important role in the study of the coupled electromagnetic and gravitational interactions, and the investigation of the role of the charge in the gravitational collapse of compact objects

Unperturbed inverse kinematics nucleon knockout measurements with a carbon beam

From superconductors to atomic nuclei, strongly-interacting many-body systems are ubiquitous in nature. Measuring the microscopic structure of such systems is a formidable challenge, often met by particle knockout scattering experiments. While such measurements are fundamental for mapping the structure of atomic nuclei, their interpretation is often challenged by quantum mechanical initial- and final-state interactions (ISI/FSI) of the incoming and scattered particles. Here we overcome this fundamental limitation by measuring the quasi-free scattering of 48 GeV/c 12C ions from hydrogen. The distribution of single protons is studied by detecting two protons at large angles in coincidence with an intact 11B nucleus. The 11B detection is shown to select the transparent part of the reaction and exclude the otherwise large ISI/FSI that would break the 11B apart. By further detecting residual 10B and 10Be nuclei, we also identified short-range correlated (SRC) nucleon-nucleon pairs, and provide direct experimental evidence for the separation of the pair wave-function from that of the residual many-body nuclear system. All measured reactions are well described by theoretical calculations that do not contain ISI/FSI distortions. Our results thus showcase a new ability to study the short-distance structure of short-lived radioactive atomic nuclei at the forthcoming FAIR and FRIB facilities. These studies will be pivotal for developing a ground-breaking microscopic understanding of the structure and properties of nuclei far from stability and the formation of visible matter in the universe.Comment: Accepted for publication in Nature Physics. 28 pages, 19 figures, and 1 table including main text, Methods, and Supplementary material