Development and sedative effect of a new formulation of midazolam in chocolate bars

The aim of this work was to assess the stability and sedative effect of midazolam in chocolate bars. The stability of 5 g chocolate bars containing 6 mg midazolam hydrochloride was evaluated at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C), at 4 and 40 °C, by HPLC. Drug plasma levels were measured and the sedative effect was confirmed in six healthy volunteers according to the Ramsay’s scale. Data regarding chocolate bar administration were compared to those from the apple juice solution. Pharmacokinetic data were processed using the WinNonLin 5.2 software. Midazolam in chocolate bars remained stable for 14 days at room temperature and exposed to light; for 90 days at 4 and 40 °C protected from light, and showed a longer shelf life, better flavour and appearance, inducing the same sedative effect as the apple juice preparation. Raspberry flavour masked midazolam unpleasing taste most favourably.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Development and sedative effect of a new formulation of midazolam in chocolate bars

The aim of this work was to assess the stability and sedative effect of midazolam in chocolate bars. The stability of 5 g chocolate bars containing 6 mg midazolam hydrochloride was evaluated at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C), at 4 and 40 °C, by HPLC. Drug plasma levels were measured and the sedative effect was confirmed in six healthy volunteers according to the Ramsay’s scale. Data regarding chocolate bar administration were compared to those from the apple juice solution. Pharmacokinetic data were processed using the WinNonLin 5.2 software. Midazolam in chocolate bars remained stable for 14 days at room temperature and exposed to light; for 90 days at 4 and 40 °C protected from light, and showed a longer shelf life, better flavour and appearance, inducing the same sedative effect as the apple juice preparation. Raspberry flavour masked midazolam unpleasing taste most favourably.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Innovación del Diseño para el Desarrollo Social

Una labor de síntesis alrededor de la gran temática de este libro que surge a partir de una serie de reflexiones y propuestas encaminadas desde la innovación del diseño para el desarrollo social, refleja una invitación al lector para enunciar a partir de su lectura nuevas discusiones sobre el quehacer del diseño con una perspectiva de innovación para este tipo de desarrollo, es pues este texto una invitación a enunciar nuevos retos y diálogos partiendo de reconocer al desarrollo social como uno de los pilares fundamentales desde la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) como parte fundamental para garantizar el mejoramiento de la vida de las personas. Desde la disciplina del diseño y retomado como eje para su discusión se pretendería establecer una serie de reflexiones y acciones que permitan atender situaciones para grupos minoritarios y vulnerables, así como apoyar esfuerzos encaminados a mejorar la calidad de vida de los integrantes de grupos y sociedades establecidas y recuperar el patrimonio cultural como parte fundamental de las identidades culturales y por tanto de la historia de la humanidad.A lo largo de la historia, el diseño, en cualquiera de sus manifestaciones, ha estado presente en todos los ámbitos. Se ha convertido en una disciplina que evoluciona al ritmo de las sociedades, que se pone al servicio de las necesidades de mercado pero también de las que requieren un abordaje distinto, observadas desde una mirada que concierne a lo social, entendido éste como lo que se reproduce o se instaura en el colectivo, en el grupo, en las comunidades, en las sociedades como parte significativa de sus cotidianeidades. El Diseño desde esta perspectiva acompaña al ser humano produciendo una significación de los objetos como parte fundamental de sus vidas, que transforma una realidad deseada en una realidad concreta, de aquí la importancia de crear una conciencia social para la praxis laboral de esta disciplina. En este sentido el campo profesional, académico y de investigación del diseño debe ocuparse de crear, difundir y divulgar el quehacer de la misma, manifestando un equilibrio entre conciencia, racionalidad y la realidad. Desde el contexto planteado, la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, a través de su Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño presenta en esta obra una serie de reflexiones en torno al papel que desempeña el diseño humanístico, científico y tecnológico desde un enfoque de vanguardia e innovación para el desarrollo social, como resultado de la experiencia vertida en el Coloquio Internacional de Diseño que organiza éste año este espacio académico, en donde cada una de las aportaciones refleja la experiencia de cada uno de sus participantes; con base en ello, el presente libro integrado por una compilación de trabajos ofrece descripciones, análisis y propuestas que contribuyen a la solución de problemas procurando un desarrollo social

Physicochemical and microbiologicalstabilities of a captopril extemporaneousformulation

Due to the large number of paediatric patients requiring treatment for hypertension (HT), to the seriousness of its consequences there is a need to prepare an extemporaneous oral captopril formulation suitable for administration to children. Objective. To develop a liquid formulation of captopril from innovative and generic drugs with a uniform content, cheapier and easier to prepare and with good palatability. Material and method. We have developed oral extemporaneous formulations of captopril stemming from generic brands, at concentrations of 1 and 5 mg/mL, with pleasant taste and odour. Its physicochemical stability and uniformity of content were determined by HPLC on a Waters™ analyser. Data were analysed with the Millennium software, version 32.0. Microbial growth was represented by colony forming units (CFU) in MacConkey, TSA and Sabouraud media, after 72 and 96 hours of incubation at 37°C. Physicochemical and microbiological stabilities of different extemporaneous formulations on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 30 were determined. Comparative statistics were made by ANOVA test run in Microsoft Excel™. Results. Two generic captopril brands and innovative in formulations containing 1mg/mL and 5mg/mL were physicochemical stable at 30 and 21 days respectively, and no growth of bacteria or fungi common pathogens occurred when stored at 4°C for 30 days. Conclusion. Extemporaneous formulations can be prepared with captopril innovative drug and some generic brands, which maintain their physical and chemical characteristics and are microbiologically stable when stored at 4°C

Physicochemical stability of a metformin solution from three commercial brands

Pharmacological management of insulin resistance and dyslipidaemias in children and adolescents is required to prevent the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) and type II diabetes mellitus (DM2). Material and method: we developed extemporaneous formulations from 500 mg-tablets from three generic brands, commercially available in Mexican drugstores: MedimartTM, Farmacias del AhorroTM and Primer NivelTM, dissolved in water sweetened with Splenda, which made them palatable and allowed customised dose adjustment. Solutions were stored at four environmental conditions: 25oC exposed to light, 25oC protected from light, 4oC and 40oC, and their physicochemical stability was assayed. The stability of the drug was determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection (UPLC-UV) and by measuring the pH of the stock solution. The mobile phase consisted of (KH2PO4) 0.1 M, pH = 6.5, 4.6 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and acetonitrile (63:7:30) at 0.8 mL/min, column VARIAN Pursuit C8 150 × 3.9 mm tempered at 40oC, with detection at 236 nm. Results: Metformin from all trademarks was stable at all storage conditions for up to 30 days, retaining more than 90% of the initial amount of active drug, with a pH of 7.4 ± 0.3. Conclusion: Metformin extemporaneous formulations may be developed from either the innovator or generic brands, having the advantage of saving money and conserving the stability of its physicochemical properties. Keywords: Generic metformin, Innovator metformin, Extemporaneous formulation, Physicochemical stability, UPLC-UV

Physicochemical stability of three generic brands of metformin in solution

Pharmacological management of insulin resistance and dyslipidemias in children and adolescents is mandatory to prevent metabolic syndrome (MS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Material and method: extemporaneous formulations were developed from 500 mg tablets of three brands of generic metformin: Medimart®, Farmacias del Ahorro®, and Primer Nivel®, with agreeable flavor, color, and consistency and dose adjusted for ease of administration. Their physicochemical integrity was determined under different storage conditions: 25oC with light, 25oC in darkness, at 4oC and 40oC. The stability of the drug was determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (UPLC-UV) and by measuring the pH of the stored solution; the mobile phase was phosphate buffer (KH2PO4) 0.1 M, pH = 6.5, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 4.6 mM and acetonitrile (63:7:30) at 0.8 mL/min, VARIAN Pursuit C8 150 × 3.9 mm column tempered at 40oC, with detection at 236 nm. Results: All the commercial brands of metformin were stable under all storage conditions for up to 30 days. They retained more than 90% of the initial quantity of the active drug, with pH of 7.4 ± 0.3. Conclusion: extemporaneous formulations of metformin can be made with both the innovative drug and with generics; money can be saved, with the certainty that they will retain their physicochemical properties

Quantification of metformin and glyburide in blood for paediatric endocrinology

Background: The recent use of antidiabetic drugs such as metformin and glyburide for the treatment and control of childhood obesity, insulin resistance and type II diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents, has encouraged physicians to determine plasma levels of these drugs for the right dose adjustment. Objective: To implement and validate a UPLC-UV method to quantify metformin and glyburide in blood samples. Materials and methods: Only a 0.1 mL-volume blood sample was used. Both drugs are removed by precipitation with methanol. Quantitation was carried out with mobile phase of 4.6 mM potassium phosphate monobasic (KH2PO4) 0.1 M pH = 6.5, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and acetonitrile (63:7:30), at 0.8 mL/min through a VARIAN Pursuit® C8 150 x 3.9 mm column at 40°C, 236 nm. Results: The method allows the measurement of 20 to 600 nanograms of metformin and from 100 to 2 000 nanograms of glyburide per milliliter of blood. Both drugs are physicochemically stable in blood samples for up to 30 days at 4°C. Conclusion: Our method allows quantification of metformin and gly- buride in paediatric blood samples, to support the clinicians to monitor treatment compliance, bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profiles

Development and Validation of a Method to Quantify Midazolam in a New Oral Formulation for Pediatric Use

International audienc

Influence of Age and Sex on the Pharmacokinetics of Midazolam and the Depth of Sedation in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Minor Surgeries

Whether age and sex influence the depth of sedation and the pharmacokinetics of midazolam is currently unknown. The influence of age and sex was investigated in 117 children (2 to 17 years) who required intravenous sedation for minor surgery (0.05 mg/kg). Plasma concentrations and sedation effects were simultaneously measured. The measured concentrations were analyzed using a two-compartment model with first-order elimination. Among the age ranges, significant differences were found (p < 0.05) between the volume of distribution (Vd) of the first compartment (V1) and that of the second (V2). With respect to sex, differences in V2 were found between age groups. At the administered dose, in patients younger than 6 years, a profound sedative effect (40–60 BIS) was observed for up to 120 min, while in older children, the effect lasted only half as long. The differences found in the Vd and bispectral index (BIS) in patients younger than 6 years compared to older patients may be due to immature CYP3A activity and body fat content; furthermore, the Vd varies with age due to changes in body composition and protein binding. Patients younger than 6 years require intravenous (IV) doses <0.05 mg/kg of midazolam for deep sedation. Dosage adjustments according to age group are suggested

Influence of Age and Sex on the Pharmacokinetics of Midazolam and the Depth of Sedation in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Minor Surgeries

Whether age and sex influence the depth of sedation and the pharmacokinetics of midazolam is currently unknown. The influence of age and sex was investigated in 117 children (2 to 17 years) who required intravenous sedation for minor surgery (0.05 mg/kg). Plasma concentrations and sedation effects were simultaneously measured. The measured concentrations were analyzed using a two-compartment model with first-order elimination. Among the age ranges, significant differences were found (p &lt; 0.05) between the volume of distribution (Vd) of the first compartment (V1) and that of the second (V2). With respect to sex, differences in V2 were found between age groups. At the administered dose, in patients younger than 6 years, a profound sedative effect (40&ndash;60 BIS) was observed for up to 120 min, while in older children, the effect lasted only half as long. The differences found in the Vd and bispectral index (BIS) in patients younger than 6 years compared to older patients may be due to immature CYP3A activity and body fat content; furthermore, the Vd varies with age due to changes in body composition and protein binding. Patients younger than 6 years require intravenous (IV) doses &lt;0.05 mg/kg of midazolam for deep sedation. Dosage adjustments according to age group are suggested