Plasma deposited diamond-like carbon films for large neural arrays

To understand how large systems of neurons communicate, we need to develop methods for growing patterned networks of large numbers of neurons. We have found that diamond-like carbon thin films formed by energetic deposition from a filtered vacuum arc carbon plasma can serve as "neuron friendly" substrates for the growth of large neural arrays. Lithographic masks can be used to form patterns of diamond-like carbon, and regions of selective neuronal attachment can form patterned neural arrays. In the work described here, we used glass microscope slides as substrates on which diamond-like carbon was deposited. PC-12 rat neurons were then cultured on the treated substrates and cell growth monitored. Neuron growth showed excellent contrast, with prolific growth on the treated surfaces and very low growth on the untreated surfaces. Here we describe the vacuum arc plasma deposition technique employed, and summarize results demonstrating that the approach can be used to form large patterns of neurons.Щоб зрозуміти, як взаємодіють між собою великі системи нейронів, ми повинні розвивати методи вирощування рельєфних структур великого числа нейронів. Ми установили, що алмазоподібні вуглецеві тонкі плівки, що утворюються в результаті могутнього опромінення фільтрованою вуглецевою плазмою вакуумної дуги, можуть бути використані в ролі «нейроно-дружелюбніх» субстанцій для вирощування великих нейронних структур. Літографічні маски можуть бути використані для вормування алмазоподібної вуглецевої структури , а області селективного нейронного приєднання можуть утворювати систематичні нейронні структури. В експериментах, описаних нижче, як підкладку ми використовували предметні стекла мікроскопа, на які наносилися алмазоподібні вуглецеві покриття. Потім на опромінених підкладках були вирощені щурячі нейрони PC-12 і спостерігався ріст кліток. Спостерігався величезний контраст у рості нейронів, від багатого росту на опромінених поверхнях до слабкого на неопромінених. У даній роботі описана використовувана для опромінення вакуумно-дугова установка й узагальнені результати, що показують, що даний метод може бути використаний для формування великих структур нейронів.Чтобы понять, как взаимодействуют между собой большие системы нейронов, мы должны развивать методы выращивания рельефных структур большого числа нейронов. Мы установили, что алмазоподобные углеродные тонкие пленки, образующиеся в результате мощного облучения фильтрованной углеродной плазмой вакуумной дуги, могут быть использованы в качестве «нейроно-дружелюбных» субстанций для выращивания больших нейронных структур. Литографические маски могут применяться для формирования алмазоподобной углеродной структуры, а области селективного нейронного присоединения могут образовывать систематические нейронные структуры. В экспериментах, описываемых ниже, в качестве подложки мы использовали предметные стекла микроскопа, на которые наносились алмазоподобные углеродные покрытия. Затем на облученных подложках были выращены крысиные нейроны PC-12 и наблюдался рост клеток. Отслежен огромный контраст в росте нейронов, от обильного роста на облученных поверхностях до слабого на необлученных. В данной работе описана используемая для облучения вакуумно- дуговая установка и обобщены результаты, показывающие, что данный метод может быть использован для формирования больших структур нейронов

Facility Configuration Study of the High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Component Test Facility

A test facility, referred to as the High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Component Test Facility or CTF, will be sited at Idaho National Laboratory for the purposes of supporting development of high temperature gas thermal-hydraulic technologies (helium, helium-Nitrogen, CO2, etc.) as applied in heat transport and heat transfer applications in High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors. Such applications include, but are not limited to: primary coolant; secondary coolant; intermediate, secondary, and tertiary heat transfer; and demonstration of processes requiring high temperatures such as hydrogen production. The facility will initially support completion of the Next Generation Nuclear Plant. It will secondarily be open for use by the full range of suppliers, end-users, facilitators, government laboratories, and others in the domestic and international community supporting the development and application of High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor technology. This pre-conceptual facility configuration study, which forms the basis for a cost estimate to support CTF scoping and planning, accomplishes the following objectives: • Identifies pre-conceptual design requirements • Develops test loop equipment schematics and layout • Identifies space allocations for each of the facility functions, as required • Develops a pre-conceptual site layout including transportation, parking and support structures, and railway systems • Identifies pre-conceptual utility and support system needs • Establishes pre-conceptual electrical one-line drawings and schedule for development of power needs

A connectome of the adult drosophila central brain

The neural circuits responsible for behavior remain largely unknown. Previous efforts have reconstructed the complete circuits of small animals, with hundreds of neurons, and selected circuits for larger animals. Here we (the FlyEM project at Janelia and collaborators at Google) summarize new methods and present the complete circuitry of a large fraction of the brain of a much more complex animal, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Improved methods include new procedures to prepare, image, align, segment, find synapses, and proofread such large data sets; new methods that define cell types based on connectivity in addition to morphology; and new methods to simplify access to a large and evolving data set. From the resulting data we derive a better definition of computational compartments and their connections; an exhaustive atlas of cell examples and types, many of them novel; detailed circuits for most of the central brain; and exploration of the statistics and structure of different brain compartments, and the brain as a whole. We make the data public, with a web site and resources specifically designed to make it easy to explore, for all levels of expertise from the expert to the merely curious. The public availability of these data, and the simplified means to access it, dramatically reduces the effort needed to answer typical circuit questions, such as the identity of upstream and downstream neural partners, the circuitry of brain regions, and to link the neurons defined by our analysis with genetic reagents that can be used to study their functions. Note: In the next few weeks, we will release a series of papers with more involved discussions. One paper will detail the hemibrain reconstruction with more extensive analysis and interpretation made possible by this dense connectome. Another paper will explore the central complex, a brain region involved in navigation, motor control, and sleep. A final paper will present insights from the mushroom body, a center of multimodal associative learning in the fly brain

A connectome and analysis of the adult Drosophila central brain

The neural circuits responsible for animal behavior remain largely unknown. We summarize new methods and present the circuitry of a large fraction of the brain of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Improved methods include new procedures to prepare, image, align, segment, find synapses in, and proofread such large data sets. We define cell types, refine computational compartments, and provide an exhaustive atlas of cell examples and types, many of them novel. We provide detailed circuits consisting of neurons and their chemical synapses for most of the central brain. We make the data public and simplify access, reducing the effort needed to answer circuit questions, and provide procedures linking the neurons defined by our analysis with genetic reagents. Biologically, we examine distributions of connection strengths, neural motifs on different scales, electrical consequences of compartmentalization, and evidence that maximizing packing density is an important criterion in the evolution of the fly’s brain

A connectome and analysis of the adult Drosophila central brain

The neural circuits responsible for animal behavior remain largely unknown. We summarize new methods and present the circuitry of a large fraction of the brain of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Improved methods include new procedures to prepare, image, align, segment, find synapses in, and proofread such large data sets. We define cell types, refine computational compartments, and provide an exhaustive atlas of cell examples and types, many of them novel. We provide detailed circuits consisting of neurons and their chemical synapses for most of the central brain. We make the data public and simplify access, reducing the effort needed to answer circuit questions, and provide procedures linking the neurons defined by our analysis with genetic reagents. Biologically, we examine distributions of connection strengths, neural motifs on different scales, electrical consequences of compartmentalization, and evidence that maximizing packing density is an important criterion in the evolution of the fly's brain