Modèle de l'association entre la consommation de cyberpornographie, le fonctionnement sexuel et la satisfaction sexuelle selon le genre

Bien que l'utilisation de la cyberpornographie soit maintenant une activité courante, les répercussions sur la sexualité des consommateurs, dont la satisfaction sexuelle, sont très variables. Ce mémoire doctoral tente donc d'abord de tester si la consommation de cyberpornographie, plus spécifiquement le temps passé à consommer, agit sur la satisfaction sexuelle des utilisateurs, et ce via la perception de dépendance à cette utilisation de cyberpornographie (c.-à.d. perception de compulsion, effort d'accès au contenu cyberpornographique et détresse perçue), et aussi, via le fonctionnement sexuel (c.-à-d. dysfonctions, compulsions et évitement sexuel). Également, ce mémoire s'intéresse à la relation entre le genre du consommateur de cyberpornographie et la satisfaction sexuelle. Afin de répondre à ces objectifs, des questionnaires en ligne, de 832 adultes de la collectivité, considérant les variables citées ci-haut, ont été compilés. Des données amassées, 51% des femmes et 90% des hommes de cet échantillon ont déclaré avoir regardé de la cyberpornographie par Internet. Les analyses effectuées ont mis en évidence des associations indirectes complexes, où le temps de consommation de cyberpornographie est associé à l'insatisfaction sexuelle, et ce, via la perception de dépendance du consommateur vis-à-vis son utilisation ainsi que via des difficultés sexuelles. Il est donc possible de constater des répercussions délétères de cette consommation sur la sexualité des utilisateurs. Par ailleurs, ce modèle s'applique autant aux hommes, qu'aux femmes

Le rôle des archées dans l'inflammation et leur impact sur la santé humaine

Les archées sont depuis peu reconnues comme étant des microorganismes ubiquitaires retrouvées dans le système digestif de l’humain et de plusieurs animaux. Les humains peuvent donc être exposés aux archées par leur propre microflore intestinale, mais aussi par le contact avec des fèces animales, dont les composantes peuvent être aérosolisées et inhalées. L’impact de ces archées sur la santé respiratoire et intestinale des humains n’est pas clairement établi. La composition exacte des bioaérosols doit être définie afin de bien comprendre ce à quoi sont exposés les humains. Par ailleurs, l’impact de Methanosphaera stadtmanae (MSS) et Methanobrevibacter smithii (MBS), deux espèces d’archées retrouvées dans le tractus intestinal, est inconnu dans un contexte de maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin. L’étude de la biodiversité des bioaérosols des fermes laitières a démontré la présence de grandes concentrations et de plusieurs espèces de bactéries et d’archées dans l’air de ces environnements. Les mécanismes inflammatoires pulmonaires à la base de la réponse immune causée par les archaea ont été étudiés grâce à un modèle murin d’exposition chronique des voies respiratoires. MSS a démontré un potentiel immunogénique plus fort que MBS, en induisant davantage d’altérations histopathologiques, de cellules inflammatoires et de cellules dendritiques myéloïdes activées que MBS dans les poumons de souris. Le potentiel inflammatoire de MSS et MBS a aussi été confirmé avec un modèle de cellules humaines. Finalement, afin d’étudier le rôle des archées dans l’inflammation intestinale, la présence de MBS et de MSS a été évaluée dans les selles de patients atteints de maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin et de sujets sains. Une prévalence accrue de l’archée inflammatoire MSS a été retrouvée dans les selles des patients. Des anticorps spécifiques à MSS ont aussi été retrouvés en plus grande concentration chez ce groupe de sujets. Ces résultats démontrent que les archées sont présentes à la fois dans les bioaérosols et dans les intestins humains et qu’elles peuvent avoir des impacts sur l’inflammation respiratoire et intestinale. Nous ne commençons qu'à explorer la présence des archées dans l’environnement humain et la réponse à ces agents méconnus. Leur rôle en tant qu'agents protecteurs, pro-inflammatoires ou tolérés mérite d'être approfondi.Archaea have recently been recognized as ubiquitous microorganisms found in the digestive tract of human and several animal species. Humans can thus be exposed to archaea through several routes such as their own intestinal microflora, but also via exposure to animal manure which components can be aerosolized and inhaled. Archaeal impact on respiratory and intestinal human health is not known. Bioaerosol’s exact composition must be defined in order to better understand what humans are exposed to. Moreover, the role of Methanosphaera stadtmanae (MSS) and Methanobrevibacter smithii (MBS), two archaeal species found in human gut, on the health of the intestinal tract and potentially in inflammatory bowel diseases is unknown. Studies on dairy barns’ bioaerosol’s biodiversity revealed the presence of high airborne concentrations and various species of bacteria and archaea. Pulmonary inflammatory mechanisms of immune response to archaea were studied using a chronic airway exposure mouse model. MSS showed a higher immunogenic potential than MBS, with more severe hitopathological alterations and higher numbers of inflammatory cells and activated myeloid dendritic cells in exposed mice lungs than MBS. The inflammatory potential of MSS and MBS was also confirmed with a human cell model. Finally, to study the role of archaea in bowel inflammation, the presence of MBS and MSS was evaluated in stool samples from inflammatory bowel diseases’ patients and control subjects. A higher prevalence of the inflammatory archaea MSS was detected in stool samples from patients. MSS-specific antibodies were also found in higher concentration in this group. These results show that archaea are present in bioaerosols and human gut and that they can have an impact on respiratory and intestinal inflammation. We are just beginning to explore the presence of archaea in human environment and our response to these unheralded agents. Their role as protective, proinflammatory or tolerated agents awaits further studied

Characterization of bioaerosols from dairy barns : reconstructing the puzzle of occupational respiratory diseases by using molecular approaches

To understand the etiology of exposure-related diseases and to establish standards for reducing the risks associated with working in contaminated environments, the exact nature of the bioaerosol components must be defined. Molecular biology tools were used to evaluate airborne bacterial and, for the first time, archaeal content of dairy barns. Three air samplers were tested in each of the 13 barns sampled. Up to 106 archaeal and 108 bacterial 16S rRNA genes per m3 of air were detected. Archaeal methanogens, mainly Methanobrevibacter species, were represented. Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula, the causative agent of farmer’s lung, was quantified to up to 107 16S rRNA genes per m3 of air. In addition, a wide variety of bacterial agents were present in our air samples within the high airborne bioaerosol concentration range. Despite recommendations regarding hay preservation and baling conditions, farmers still develop an S. rectivirgula-specific humoral immune response, suggesting intense and continuous exposure. Our results demonstrate the complexity of bioaerosol components in dairy barns which could play a role in occupational respiratory diseas

Organic components of airborne dust influence the magnitude and kinetics of dendritic cell activation

Bioaerosol exposure in highly contaminated occupational settings is associated with an increased risk of disease. Yet, few determinants allow for accurate prediction of the immunopathogenic potential of complex bioaerosols. Since dendritic cells are instrumental to the initiation of immunopathological reactions, we studied how dendritic cell activation was modified in response to individual agents, combined microbial agents, or air sample eluates from highly contaminated environmental settings. We found that combinations of agents accelerated and enhanced the activation of in vitro-generated murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cell cultures, when compared to individual agents. We also determined that endotoxins are not sufficient to predict the potential of air samples to induce bone marrow-derived dendritic cell activation, especially when endotoxin levels are low. Importantly, bone marrow-derived dendritic cell activation stratified samples from three environmental settings (swine barns, dairy barns, and wastewater treatment plants) according to their air quality status. As a whole, these results support the notion that the interplay between bioaerosol components impacts on their ability to activate dendritic cells and that bone marrow-derived dendritic cell cultures are promising tools to study the immunomodulatory impact of air samples and their components

Microbial contents of vacuum cleaner bag dust and emitted bioaerosols and their implications for human exposure indoors

Vacuum cleaners can release large concentrations of particles, both in their exhaust air and from resuspension of settled dust. However, the size, variability, and microbial diversity of these emissions are unknown, despite evidence to suggest they may contribute to allergic responses and infection transmission indoors. This study aimed to evaluate bioaerosol emission from various vacuum cleaners. We sampled the air in an experimental flow tunnel where vacuum cleaners were run, and their airborne emissions were sampled with closed-face cassettes. Dust samples were also collected from the dust bag. Total bacteria, total archaea, Penicillium/Aspergillus, and total Clostridium cluster 1 were quantified with specific quantitative PCR protocols, and emission rates were calculated. Clostridium botulinum and antibiotic resistance genes were detected in each sample using endpoint PCR. Bacterial diversity was also analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), image analysis, and band sequencing. We demonstrated that emission of bacteria and molds (Penicillium/Aspergillus) can reach values as high as 1E5 cell equivalents/min and that those emissions are not related to each other. The bag dust bacterial and mold content was also consistent across the vacuums we assessed, reaching up to 1E7 bacterial or mold cell equivalents/g. Antibiotic resistance genes were detected in several samples. No archaea or C. botulinum was detected in any air samples. Diversity analyses showed that most bacteria are from human sources, in keeping with other recent results. These results highlight the potential capability of vacuum cleaners to disseminate appreciable quantities of molds and human-associated bacteria indoors and their role as a source of exposure to bioaerosols

Genomics and metagenomics of trimethylamine-utilizing Archaea in the human gut microbiome

International audienceThe biological significance of Archaea in the human gut microbiota is largely unclear. We recently reported genomic and biochemical analyses of the Methanomassiliicoccales, a novel order of methanogenic Archaea dwelling in soil and the animal digestive tract. We now show that these Methanomassiliicoccales are present in published microbiome data sets from eight countries. They are represented by five Operational Taxonomic Units present in at least four cohorts and phylogenetically distributed into two clades. Genes for utilizing trimethylamine (TMA), a bacterial precursor to an atherosclerogenic human metabolite, were present in four of the six novel Methanomassiliicoccales genomes assembled from ELDERMET metagenomes. In addition to increased microbiota TMA production capacity in long-term residential care subjects, abundance of TMA-utilizing Methanomassiliicoccales correlated positively with bacterial gene count for TMA production and negatively with fecal TMA concentrations. The two large Methanomassiliicoccales clades have opposite correlations with host health status in the ELDERMET cohort and putative distinct genomic signatures for gut adaptation

Non-culturable bioaerosols in indoor settings : impact on health and molecular approaches for detection

Despite their significant impact on respiratory health, bioaerosols in indoor settings remain understudied and misunderstood. Culture techniques, predominantly used for bioaerosol characterisation in the past, allow for the recovery of only a small fraction of the real airborne microbial burden in indoor settings, given the inability of several microorganisms to grow on agar plates. However, with the development of new tools to detect non-culturable environmental microorganisms, the study of bioaerosols has advanced significantly. Most importantly, these techniques have revealed a more complex bioaerosol burden that also includes non-culturable microorganisms, such as archaea and viruses. Nevertheless, air quality specialists and consultants remain reluctant to adopt these new researchdeveloped techniques, given that there are relatively few studies found in the literature, making it difficult to find a point of comparison. Furthermore, it is unclear as to how this new non-culturable data can be used to assess the impact of bioaerosol exposure on human health. This article reviews the literature that describes the non-culturable fraction of bioaerosols, focussing on bacteria, archaea and viruses, and examines its impact on bioaerosol-related diseases. It also outlines available molecular tools for the detection and quantification of these microorganisms and states various research needs in this field

Immunogenic properties of archaeal species found in bioaerosols.

The etiology of bioaerosol-related pulmonary diseases remains poorly understood. Recently, archaea emerged as prominent airborne components of agricultural environments, but the consequences of airway exposure to archaea remain unknown. Since subcomponents of archaea can be immunogenic, we used a murine model to study the pulmonary immune responses to two archaeal species found in agricultural facilities: Methanobrevibacter smithii (MBS) and Methanosphaera stadtmanae (MSS). Mice were administered intranasally with 6.25, 25 or 100 µg of MBS or MSS, once daily, 3 days a week, for 3 weeks. MSS induced more severe histopathological alterations than MBS with perivascular accumulation of granulocytes, pronounced thickening of the alveolar septa, alveolar macrophages accumulation and increased perivascular mononucleated cell accumulation. Analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids revealed up to 3 times greater leukocyte accumulation with MSS compared to MBS. Instillation of 100 µg of MBS or MSS caused predominant accumulation of monocyte/macrophages (4.5×10(5) and 4.8×10(5) cells/ml respectively) followed by CD4(+) T cells (1.38×10(5) and 1.94×10(5) cells/ml respectively), B cells (0.73×10(5) and 1.28×10(5) cells/ml respectively), and CD8(+) T cells (0.20×10(5) and 0.31×10(5) cells/ml respectively) in the airways. Both archaeal species induced similar titers of antigen-specific IgGs in plasma. MSS but not MBS caused an accumulation of eosinophils and neutrophils in the lungs, which surprisingly, correlated inversely with the size of the inoculum. Stronger immunogenicity of MSS was confirmed by a 3 fold higher accumulation of myeloid dendritic cells in the airways, compared to MBS. Thus, the dose and species of archaea determine the magnitude and nature of the pulmonary immune response. This is the first report of an immunomodulatory role of archaeal species found in bioaerosols