On generating the Greek noun phrase

This article examines the basic noun phrase of Koine Greek and proposes an analysis which is consistent with current views on phrase structure within X-bar theory. The fact that the syntactic distribution of quantifiers, demonstratives and descriptive adjectives is different leads to the (not surprising) proposal that these are distinct word classes in Greek, as in many other languages. The distribution of articles is given serious attention and is found to support the relatively recent proposal (the DP hypothesis) that the traditional noun phrase is best analyzed as a determiner phrase which may then take an NP as its complement

Competing for a duopoly : international trade and tax competition

Oligopoly is empirically prevalent in the industries where MNEs operate and national governments compete with fiscal inducements for their FDI projects. Despite this, existing formal treatments of fiscal competition generally focus on the polar cases of perfect competition and monopoly. We consider the competition between two potential host governments to attract the investment of both firms in a duopolistic industry. Competition by identical countries for a monopoly firm's investment is known to result in a 'race to the bottom' where all rents are captured by the firm through subsidies. We demonstrate that with two firms, both are taxed in equilibrium, despite the explicit non-cooperation between governments. When countries differ in size, a single firm will be attracted to the larger market. We explore the conditions under which both firms in the duopoly co-locate and when each nation attracts a firm in equilibrium. Our results are consistent with the observed stability of effective corporate tax rates in the face of ongoing globalization, and our analysis readily generalizes to many specifications with oligopoly in the product markets

Paper Session I-A - Space Shuttle Operations Evolution

In 1993 it became apparent that change had to occur throughout the US space transportation industry due to international competition, obsolescence and reducing federal budgets, NASA mandated a 25% Space Shuttle Program budget reduction through 1996 and the Congress directed Access To Space study was performed. Government policy based on the Access To Space study findings, directed development of Reusable Launch Vehicle technology while supporting Space Shuttle enhancements to combat ageing, obsolescence and operations costs. NASA Kennedy Space Center and Lockheed Martin Space Operations responded by increasing Space Shuttle processing operations efficiency through increased test automation, operations enhancements, technology infusion and innovations. Management processes and operations infrastructure have been streamlined through technology infusion and the establishment of a continuous improvement program (CIP). The results of these efforts to date have enabled NASA to maintain the Shuttle Program flight manifest with lower operating costs while at the same time decreasing the number of processing problems and in-flight anamolies encountered\u3c per mission. The objectives of this paper are: to provide an overview of the enhancements implemented to date and demonstrate how potential future operations enhancements through technology infusion to ground and vehicle systems can make the Space Shuttle Transportation System cost effective for government applications and commercially competitive with international ELV’S until a commercially viable RLV program becomes operational

Incorporating Environmentally Compliant Manure Nutrient Disposal Costs into Least-Cost Livestock Ration Formulation

Livestock rations are formulated to minimize feed cost subject to nutritional requirements for a target performance level, which ignores the potentially substantial cost of disposing of nutrients fed in excess of nutritional requirements. We incorporate nutrient disposal costs into a modified least-cost ration formulation model to arrive at a joint least-cost decision that minimizes the sum of feed and net nutrient disposal costs. The method is demonstrated with phosphorus disposal costs on a representative dairy farm. Herd size, land availability and proximity, crop rotation, and initial soil phosphorus content are shown to be important in determining phosphorus disposal costs.environmental compliance, linear programming, livestock rations, manure disposal, Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy, Livestock Production/Industries, C61, Q12, Q52,

Rat brain Na+ channel mRNAs in non-excitable Schwann cells

AbstractThe expression of rat brain voltage-sensitive Na+ channel mRNAs in Schwann cells was examined using in situ hybridization cytochemistry and RT-PCR. The mRNAs of rat brain Na+ channel subtype II and III, but not subtype I, were detected in cultured Schwann cells from sciatic nerve and in intact sciatic nerve, which contains Schwann cells but not neuronal cell bodies. These results indicate that rat brain Na+ channel mRNAs, which have been considered as mainly neuronal-type messages, are also expressed in glial cells in vitro and in vivo

Complex I dysfunction underlies the glycolytic switch in pulmonary hypertensive smooth muscle cells.

ATP is essential for cellular function and is usually produced through oxidative phosphorylation. However, mitochondrial dysfunction is now being recognized as an important contributing factor in the development cardiovascular diseases, such as pulmonary hypertension (PH). In PH there is a metabolic change from oxidative phosphorylation to mainly glycolysis for energy production. However, the mechanisms underlying this glycolytic switch are only poorly understood. In particular the role of the respiratory Complexes in the mitochondrial dysfunction associated with PH is unresolved and was the focus of our investigations. We report that smooth muscle cells isolated from the pulmonary vessels of rats with PH (PH-PASMC), induced by a single injection of monocrotaline, have attenuated mitochondrial function and enhanced glycolysis. Further, utilizing a novel live cell assay, we were able to demonstrate that the mitochondrial dysfunction in PH-PASMC correlates with deficiencies in the activities of Complexes I-III. Further, we observed that there was an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial membrane potential in the PASMC isolated from rats with PH. We further found that the defect in Complex I activity was due to a loss of Complex I assembly, although the assembly of Complexes II and III were both maintained. Thus, we conclude that loss of Complex I assembly may be involved in the switch of energy metabolism in smooth muscle cells to glycolysis and that maintaining Complex I activity may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of PH

The Rise and Legitimation of Chiropractic: A Study of Professionalisation

This thesis is an original study of the occupation of chiropractic in Australia. It is also claimed to be a contribution to the sociology of occupations. ... This thesis will examine the changes within a particular occupational group -- chiropractic. Chiropractors first came to Australia from America shortly after the First World War. Since that time, they have operated as primary-contact health care practitioners, i.e., as practitioners who have had the first contact with the patient for a health related complaint. However, until recently, they have operated outside the orthodox, state supported education and health care systems. In fact medicine, as 'the' orthodox occupation in the health care system, has vehemently opposed any attempt to introduce chiropractic into that system

Abuse risks and routes of administration of different prescription opioid compounds and formulations

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Evaluation of tamper resistant formulations (TRFs) and classwide Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) for prescription opioid analgesics will require baseline descriptions of abuse patterns of existing opioid analgesics, including the relative risk of abuse of existing prescription opioids and characteristic patterns of abuse by alternate routes of administration (ROAs). This article presents, for one population at high risk for abuse of prescription opioids, the unadjusted relative risk of abuse of hydrocodone, immediate release (IR) and extended release (ER) oxycodone, methadone, IR and ER morphine, hydromorphone, IR and ER fentanyl, IR and ER oxymorphone. How relative risks change when adjusted for prescription volume of the products was examined along with patterns of abuse via ROAs for the products.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Using data on prescription opioid abuse and ROAs used from 2009 Addiction Severity Index-Multimedia Version (ASI-MV^®) Connect assessments of 59,792 patients entering treatment for substance use disorders at 464 treatment facilities in 34 states and prescription volume data from SDI Health LLC, unadjusted and adjusted risk for abuse were estimated using log-binomial regression models. A random effects binary logistic regression model estimated the predicted probabilities of abusing a product by one of five ROAs, intended ROA (i.e., swallowing whole), snorting, injection, chewing, and other.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Unadjusted relative risk of abuse for the 11 compound/formulations determined hydrocodone and IR oxycodone to be most highly abused while IR oxymorphone and IR fentanyl were least often abused. Adjusting for prescription volume suggested hydrocodone and IR oxycodone were least often abused on a prescription-by-prescription basis. Methadone and morphine, especially IR morphine, showed increases in relative risk of abuse. Examination of the data without methadone revealed ER oxycodone as the drug with greatest risk after adjusting for prescription volume. Specific ROA patterns were identified for the compounds/formulations, with morphine and hydromorphone most likely to be injected.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Unadjusted risks observed here were consistent with rankings of prescription opioid abuse obtained by others using different populations/methods. Adjusted risk estimates suggest that some, less widely prescribed analgesics are more often abused than prescription volume would predict. The compounds/formulations investigated evidenced unique ROA patterns. Baseline abuse patterns will be important for future evaluations of TRFs and REMS.</p

The Importance of Taking a Military History

The most important action a provider can take to ensure that a veteran receives optimal health care is perhaps the easiest and, ironically, the most neglected: asking if a patient has served in the military and taking a basic military history. In previously published articles, Jeffrey Brown1 and Ross Boyce,2 physicians with prior military service, reported that their own health care providers had rarely asked about their service. For Dr Brown, in the four decades since his combat service in Vietnam, he noted