Assessment of drug hypersensitivity with non-irritating concentrations of antibacterial agents for allergic skin tests: a review

Hypersensitivity reactions to antibiotics are common with a prevalence of 6-10% of all adverse reactions. There is a lack of guidelines and standardization of skin tests for the screening of hypersensitivity to all antibiotics, in terms of the methodology, dose and time of evaluation of the tests. Literature from Europe and America suggests the use of non-irritating concentration (NIC) of antibiotics for skin testing such as intra dermal test (IDT), skin prick test (SPT). These are concentrations at which the drug is unlikely to produce irritation by virtue of its chemical nature resulting in false positive reactions. These concentrations have been validated by trials in their populations. Due to the increase of antibiotic resistance in our country, declaring a patient allergic to a specific class of antibiotics based on positive skin tests can further narrow the therapeutic armory. These individuals have an increased incidence of infections with resistant organisms as well as increased cost of hospitalization. This is due to the use of alternative broad spectrum antibiotics. Therefore, there is a need for a standardized protocol for the use of skin tests in screening of hypersensitivity, with validated NIC of all antibacterial agents. The aim of this article is to review literature of protocols for assessment of drug hypersensitivity with NIC of antibacterial drugs for SPT, IDT and also establish the need for research in this area in our country

Possible adverse drug reaction to parenteral amino acids in an infant: a case report

A case report of a possible adverse drug reaction to 10% parenteral aminoacid formulation in a 5½ month male patient diagnosed with bronchopulmonary pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome in septic shock, is presented. There was a temporal relationship between the administration of the parenteral amino acid formulation and the onset of the exanthem. This was further evidenced by the regression of the exanthem following the discontinuation of the formulation. The causality assessment of this adverse drug reaction has been done, and the likely causes of this hypersensitivity reaction have been analyzed

Regulation of Monoamine Oxidase A (MAO-A) Expression, Activity, and Function in IL-13–Stimulated Monocytes and A549 Lung Carcinoma Cells

Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is a mitochondrial flavoen-zyme implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and inflammation and also in many neurological disorders. MAO-A also has been reported as a potential therapeutic target in prostate cancer. However, the regulatory mechanisms controlling cytokine-induced MAO-A expression in immune or cancer cells remain to be identified. Here, we show that MAO-A expression is co-induced with 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) in interleukin 13 (IL-13)-activated primary human monocytes and A549 nonsmall cell lung carcinoma cells. We present evidence that MAO-A gene expression and activity are regulated by signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, 3, and 6 (STAT1, STAT3, and STAT6), early growth response 1 (EGR1), and cAMP-responsive element– binding protein (CREB), the same transcription factors that control IL-13– dependent 15-LO expression. We further established that in both primary monocytes and in A549 cells, IL-13–stimulated MAO-A expression, activity, and function are directly governed by 15-LO. In contrast, IL-13– driven expression and activity of MAO-A was 15-LO–independent in U937 promonocytic cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the 15-LO– dependent transcriptional regulation of MAO-A in response to IL-13 stimulation in monocytes and in A549 cells is mediated by peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR) and that signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) plays a crucial role in facilitating the transcriptional activity of PPAR. We further report that the IL-13–STAT6 – 15-LO–PPAR axis is critical for MAO-A expression, activity, and function, including migration and reactive oxygen species generation. Altogether, these results have major implications for the resolution of inflammation and indicat

Dynamics of Hot QCD Matter -- Current Status and Developments

The discovery and characterization of hot and dense QCD matter, known as Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP), remains the most international collaborative effort and synergy between theorists and experimentalists in modern nuclear physics to date. The experimentalists around the world not only collect an unprecedented amount of data in heavy-ion collisions, at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in New York, USA, and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland but also analyze these data to unravel the mystery of this new phase of matter that filled a few microseconds old universe, just after the Big Bang. In the meantime, advancements in theoretical works and computing capability extend our wisdom about the hot-dense QCD matter and its dynamics through mathematical equations. The exchange of ideas between experimentalists and theoreticians is crucial for the progress of our knowledge. The motivation of this first conference named "HOT QCD Matter 2022" is to bring the community together to have a discourse on this topic. In this article, there are 36 sections discussing various topics in the field of relativistic heavy-ion collisions and related phenomena that cover a snapshot of the current experimental observations and theoretical progress. This article begins with the theoretical overview of relativistic spin-hydrodynamics in the presence of the external magnetic field, followed by the Lattice QCD results on heavy quarks in QGP, and finally, it ends with an overview of experiment results.Comment: Compilation of the contributions (148 pages) as presented in the `Hot QCD Matter 2022 conference', held from May 12 to 14, 2022, jointly organized by IIT Goa & Goa University, Goa, Indi

Acute flaccid paralysis and seizure induced pneumothorax can accompany Japanese encephalitis

A 14-year-old boy from Southern parts of West Bengal, India presented in a Tertiary Care Hospital of West Bengal with high-grade fever and acute flaccid paralysis, later proved to be a case of Japanese encephalitis. His clinical course was also complicated by an unexpected occurrence of seizure-induced pneumothorax. The patient received supportive therapy and ultimately discharged from hospital with residual flaccid paralysis of lower limbs as the only neurological impairment. We hereby report these two rare accompaniments of Japanese encephalitis, a common occurrence in Asian countries

One-pot synthesis of chromeno[2,3-<i>b</i>]isoindolo[1,2-<i>e</i>]pyrrole-12,13-dione derivatives by sequential reaction of ninhydrin, 2-aminochromen-4-ones and arylamines

<p>Stirring an equimolar mixture of ninhydrin <b>1</b> and 2-aminochromen-4-ones <b>2</b> in CH₃COOH at room temperature produced 6a,11a-dihydroxy-6<i>H</i>-chromeno[2,3-<i>b</i>]indeno[2,1-<i>d</i>]pyrrole-11,12(6a<i>H</i>,11a<i>H</i>)-diones <b>3</b>, which on heating with aromatic amines <b>6</b> in acetic acid produced 11b-hydroxy-7-<i>N</i>-arylimino-6<i>H</i>-chromeno[2,3-<i>b</i>]isoindolo[1,2-<i>e</i>]pyrrole-12,13(11b<i>H</i>)-diones <b>7</b>.</p

Assessment of drug hypersensitivity with non-irritating concentrations of antibacterial agents for allergic skin tests a review

<p>Hypersensitivity reactions to antibiotics are common with a prevalence of 6-10% of<br>all adverse reactions. There is a lack of guidelines and standardization of skin tests<br>for the screening of hypersensitivity to all antibiotics, in terms of the methodology,<br>dose and time of evaluation of the tests. Literature from Europe and America suggests<br>the use of non-irritating concentration (NIC) of antibiotics for skin testing such as<br>intra dermal test (IDT), skin prick test (SPT). These are concentrations at which the<br>drug is unlikely to produce irritation by virtue of its chemical nature resulting in<br>false positive reactions. These concentrations have been validated by trials in their<br>populations. Due to the increase of antibiotic resistance in our country, declaring a<br>patient allergic to a specific class of antibiotics based on positive skin tests can further<br>narrow the therapeutic armory. These individuals have an increased incidence of<br>infections with resistant organisms as well as increased cost of hospitalization. This is<br>due to the use of alternative broad spectrum antibiotics. Therefore, there is a need for<br>a standardized protocol for the use of skin tests in screening of hypersensitivity, with<br>validated NIC of all antibacterial agents. The aim of this article is to review literature<br>of protocols for assessment of drug hypersensitivity with NIC of antibacterial drugs<br>for SPT, IDT and also establish the need for research in this area in our country.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p