Session C-2: Getting Students to Ask Their Own Questions

The skill of asking their own questions can lead to greater student engagement and ownership of the learning process. Students formulate questions that will guide them to engage in scientific and mathematical practices as they classify, modify, evaluate, and prioritize what they want to learn. The Question Formulation Technique (QFT) guides you through strategies for incorporating student questioning into your lessons, leading students to think more critically and independently. Participants are encouraged to attend the session with an upcoming project, unit or activity in mind. You\u27ll leave with a plan of action

An investigation of teachers\u27 perceptions of school psychologists

The purpose of this study was to investigate public school teachers\u27 general knowledge and perceptions of school psychologists. This research examined 144 Kindergarten to 12th grade teachers\u27 familiarity and interaction with school psychologists. Self-reported measures of school psychologists\u27 helpfulness, performance, and general knowledge of school psychologists\u27 duties and responsibilities were evaluated. Information pertaining to teachers\u27 specialization, employment history, student population characteristics, and school size were also considered. It was hypothesized that years of teaching experience, teacher type (whether special or general education), and school population size would effect the ratings of school psychologists on all three subscales. A few significant correlations emerged: 1) Teachers with special education students in their classrooms rated school psychologists higher in the area of helpfulness than teachers with general education students in their classrooms, 2) Teachers with more years of experience reported higher ratings of school psychologists\u27 helpfulness and performance. The responses provided by teachers suggest implications for administrators, teachers, and school psychologists

Historical fiction in the study of the American Indian culture

In planning school instructional programs, educators need to consider the cultural diversity in the United States. Children need to become attuned to diversity and at the same time discover the universals that all people share. One means of doing this is through literature experiences that nurture children\u27s awareness and appreciation of different cultures. In selecting multicultural literature for the classroom, teachers need to make informed choices. Portrayals of any culture require sensitivity, accuracy, and positive imagery (Bishop, 1987)

Grazing management effects on environmental quality of riparian and upland grassland ecosystems

Grazing cattle in grasslands can impact many ecosystems services including the movement of sediment and nutrients to water bodies, biodiversity, and wildlife habitat. In riparian grassland ecosystems congregation of cattle in or near streams may increase the sediment, nutrient, and pathogen loading of surface water resources, however the impact of cattle on water bodies may be limited through pasture characteristics or management practices that reduce congregation of cattle in or near streams. The first study in this thesis was designed to determine the effects of pasture size, stream access, and off-stream water on the presence of cattle near pasture streams. In the first study the effects of an off-stream water site or limiting the stream access of cattle to stabilized sites on the presence of cattle in or near a pasture stream was measured in small (4.0 ha) and large (12.1 ha) pastures. Limiting stream access of cattle to stabilized sites reduced presence of cattle in or near streams. However, providing off-stream water sites affected congregation of cattle in or near streams relatively little. Regardless of management treatment, presence of cattle in and near the pasture stream was reduced in pastures with a larger proportion of grazing land outside of the riparian zone. As temperatures increased, the probability of cattle spending time in and near the pasture stream or tree shade increased, with a greater probability of presence in riparian shade occurring in small pastures. In upland grassland ecosystems, cattle grazing at elevated stocking densities has the potential to improve plant diversity, carbon sequestration, and wildlife habitat through soil disturbance, incorporation of plant litter into the soil profile, and removal of aboveground forage. A second study was designed to determine the effects of a single spring grazing event at two stocking densities with or without subsequent rotational grazing on plant community properties, soil characteristics, and wildlife habitat in upland grasslands. Soil structural characteristics, proportion of plant species, and wildlife habitat were measured following no grazing or a single grazing event at elevated stocking densities with or without subsequent rotational grazing. Grazing at elevated stocking densities during periods of heavy rainfall reduced the proportion of cool season grass species for 14 months allowing succession of annual grass followed by legume species. However, after 14 months the proportion of cool season grass species returned to pre-grazing levels. The maximum height with 50% visual obstruction from vegetation was reduced for 12 months following grazing, but there were few subsequent differences. Although a single spring grazing event at either a high or moderate stocking density during periods of heavy rainfall increased soil bulk density, penetration resistance to a depth of 10 cm, and bare ground, grazing at a higher stocking density had less impact on soil structural characteristics likely because of a shorter stocking duration. Further research is necessary to determine if shade can be used to influence cattle distribution in pastures and rangelands in addition to more comprehensive research on the effects of periodic grazing at elevated stocking densities on soil aggregate stability, soil organic carbon, soil erosion, and wildlife habitat in Midwest grassland ecosystems

A rotational moving target defense solution for web servers

Administrators of web servers fight a constant battle to keep their software current and secured from automated tools that roam the Internet looking for easy targets. With the increasing frequency of patches and the increasing complexity of web servers and the web applications that run on them,this is no easy task. Moving target defense solutions are a class of security solutions that use rotation of services or other strategies to create uncertainty for the attacker. The moving target defense solution presented in this paper rotates between two web servers on a single virtual machine with the goal of increasing the complexity of reliably targeting the software of an individual web server implementation. The evaluation of moving target defense systems, the requirements for such a system to be usable in industry, and the testing platform for our moving target defense solution are explored

Effects of Pasture Size on the Efficacy of Off-stream Water or Restricted stream Access to Alter the Spatial/Temporal Distribution of Grazing Cows

Cattle congregating near pasture streams decrease forage sward height and root mass and increase fecal cover, thereby, increasing the risk of sediment, nutrient, and pathogen loading of the streams. Restricting stream access to stabilized crossings or offering off-stream water may decrease the time cattle spend near or in pasture streams, in turn reducing the risk of water quality impairment. However, the effectiveness of these management practices may be affected by pasture size. In a two-year study, six 30- acre cool-season grass pastures bisected by a 475-ft stream reach on the Rhodes Research Farm were used to analyze the effects of pasture size on the efficacy of restricted stream access or off-stream water to alter the spatial/ temporal distribution of grazing cows in and near the pasture stream. Three grazing management treatments: unrestricted stream access without off-stream water (CSU), unrestricted stream access with off-stream water (CSUW), and restricted access to 16-ft wide stabilized crossings (CSR) were compared in two pasture sizes (10 and 30 acres) in five 4-week intervals with 2-week periods between May 18 and October 12 in 2010 and May 18 to October 8 in 2011. Five and fifteen fall-calving Angus cows were continuously stocked in each small and large pasture, respectively. At the beginning of each period two to three cows were fitted with GPS collars that recorded cow position every 10 minutes. Cows in small pastures with unrestricted stream access with or without off-stream water spent more (P\u3c0.05) time in stream (0 to 16 feet from stream) and streamside (16 to 118 feet from stream) zones in small treatments than large treatments. Restricting stream access to stabilized stream crossings reduced the time cows spent in the stream and streamside zones compared to unrestricted stream access in small and large treatments. Regardless of pasture size, off-stream water had little effect on cow presence in the stream zone

Enhancing Botanical Composition and Wildlife Habitat of Pastures in South Central Iowa through Soil Disturbance by Mob-grazing of Beef Cattle

South central Iowa grasslands are dominated by cool season grass species with low productivity and plant species diversity which limits the forage for grazing animals and habitat for native grassland wildlife. Strategic spring mobgrazing may reduce competition from cool-season grass species allowing legumes, early successional species, and native plants to establish while improving soil characteristics. Two blocks of three replicated pastures were divided into 5 equal-sized paddocks to determine the effects of early spring mob-grazing on pasture forage and soil characteristics. In each pasture, one paddock was not grazed (U) and 4 were strip- (S; moved once per day with a back fence) or mob- (M; moved 4 times per day with a back fence) grazed beginning in May of 2011 (BL1) and 2012 (BL2) by 10 cows at a live forage DM allowance of 2% BW/d. Subsequently, one mob (MR) and strip (SR) paddock in each pasture was rotationally stocked to remove 50% of the live forage with 35-d rest periods beginning 60 d after spring grazing in yr 1 of each block. Measurements includedwater infiltration determined with double ring infiltrometers, soil penetration resistance determined with a penetrometer, pasture botanical composition determined by the line transect method, and ground nesting bird habitat measured as visual obstruction to a 3.3x 3.3 ft board by image analysis of digital photos. In BL1, there were no significant differences in water infiltration or penetration resistance between treatments in 2011. The proportions of annual grasses and bare ground were greater (P\u3c 0.05) in grazed than U paddocks in July 2011. In 2012, the proportions of legumes were greater (P\u3c 0.05) in M and SR paddocks in May and in M, S, and SR paddocks in July than U paddocks. In BL2, proportions of annual grasses in M and S paddocks and bare ground in MR, S, and SR paddocks were greater (P\u3c 0.05) than U paddocks in July 2012. In 2011, visual obstruction to 1 m was greater (P\u3c 0.05) in U than grazed paddocks of BL1 in July. However, in October, visual obstruction did not differ between S and U paddocks to 19.7 in. and was greater (P\u3c 0.05) in S and M than SR and MR paddocks to a height of 15.7 in

Bestimmung von Plutonium-Isotopen in der Umwelt mittels Alphaspektrometrie und AMS

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