9 research outputs found
Quantitative <sup>1</sup>H NMR. Development and Potential of an Analytical Method: An Update
Covering the literature from mid-2004 until the end of
2011, this
review continues a previous literature overview on quantitative <sup>1</sup>H NMR (qHNMR) methodology and its applications in the analysis
of natural products. Among the foremost advantages of qHNMR is its
accurate function with external calibration, the lack of any requirement
for identical reference materials, a high precision and accuracy when
properly validated, and an ability to quantitate multiple analytes
simultaneously. As a result of the inclusion of over 170 new references,
this updated review summarizes a wealth of detailed experiential evidence
and newly developed methodology that supports qHNMR as a valuable
and unbiased analytical tool for natural product and other areas of
research
Analysis and Purification of Bioactive Natural Products: The AnaPurNa Study
Based on a meta-analysis of data mined from almost 2000
publications
on bioactive natural products (NPs) from >80ā000 pages of
13
different journals published in 1998ā1999, 2004ā2005,
and 2009ā2010, the aim of this systematic review is to provide
both a survey of the status quo and a perspective for analytical methodology
used for isolation and purity assessment of bioactive NPs. The study
provides numerical measures of the common means of sourcing NPs, the
chromatographic methodology employed for NP purification, and the
role of spectroscopy and purity assessment in NP characterization.
A link is proposed between the observed use of various analytical
methodologies, the challenges posed by the complexity of metabolomes,
and the inescapable residual complexity of purified NPs and their
biological assessment. The data provide inspiration for the development
of innovative methods for NP analysis as a means of advancing the
role of naturally occurring compounds as a viable source of biologically
active agents with relevance for human health and global benefit
Quantitative PurityāActivity Relationships of Natural Products: The Case of Anti-Tuberculosis Active Triterpenes from <i>Oplopanax horridus</i>
The present study provides an extension of the previously
developed
concept of purityāactivity relationships (PARs) and enables
the quantitative evaluation of the effects of multiple minor components
on the bioactivity of residually complex natural products. The anti-tuberculosis
active triterpenes from the Alaskan ethnobotanical <i>Oplopanax
horridus</i> were selected as a case for the development of the
quantitative PAR (QPAR) concept. The residual complexity of the purified
triterpenes was initially evaluated by 1D- and 2D-NMR and identified
as a combination of structurally related and unrelated impurities.
Using a biochemometric approach, the qHNMR purity and anti-TB activity
of successive chromatographic fractions of <i>O. horridus</i> triterpenes were correlated by linear regression analysis to generate
a mathematical QPAR model. The results demonstrate that impurities,
such as widely occurring monoglycerides, can have a profound impact
on the observed antimycobacterial activity of triterpene-enriched
fractions. The QPAR concept is shown to be capable of providing a
quantitative assessment in situations where residually complex constitution
contributes toward the biological activity of natural products
The Tandem of Full Spin Analysis and qHNMR for the Quality Control of Botanicals Exemplified with <i>Ginkgo biloba</i>
Botanical dietary supplements and herbal remedies are
widely used
for health promotion and disease prevention. Due to the high chemical
complexity of these natural products, it is essential to develop new
analytical strategies to guarantee their quality and consistency.
In particular, the precise characterization of <i>multiple</i> botanical markers remains a challenge. This study demonstrates how
a combination of computer-aided spectral analysis and 1D quantitative <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy (qHNMR) generates the analytical foundation
for innovative means of simultaneously identifying and quantifying
botanical markers in complex mixtures. First, comprehensive <sup>1</sup>H NMR profiles (fingerprints) of selected botanical markers were
generated via <sup>1</sup>H iterative full spin analysis (HiFSA) with
PERCH. Next, the <sup>1</sup>H fingerprints were used to assign specific <sup>1</sup>H resonances in the NMR spectra of reference materials, enriched
fractions, and crude extracts of <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> leaves.
These <sup>1</sup>H fingerprints were then used to verify the assignments
by 2D NMR. Subsequently, a complete purity and composition assessment
by means of 1D qHNMR was conducted. As its major strengths, this tandem
approach enables the simultaneous quantification of multiple constituents
without the need for identical reference materials, the semiquantitative
determination of particular subclasses of components, and the detection
of impurities and adulterants
Importance of Purity Evaluation and the Potential of Quantitative <sup>1</sup>H NMR as a Purity Assay
In any biomedical and chemical context,
a truthful description of chemical constitution requires coverage
of both structure and purity. This qualification affects all drug
molecules, regardless of development stage (early discovery to approved
drug) and source (natural product or synthetic). Purity assessment
is particularly critical in discovery programs and whenever
chemistry is linked with biological and/or therapeutic outcome. Compared
with chromatography and elemental analysis, quantitative NMR (qNMR)
uses nearly universal detection and provides a versatile and orthogonal
means of purity evaluation. Absolute qNMR with flexible calibration
captures analytes that frequently escape detection (water, sorbents).
Widely accepted structural NMR workflows require minimal or no adjustments
to become practical <sup>1</sup>H qNMR (qHNMR) procedures with simultaneous
qualitative and (absolute) quantitative capability. This study reviews
underlying concepts, provides a framework for standard qHNMR purity
assays, and shows how adequate accuracy and precision are achieved
for the intended use of the material
Correction to Importance of Purity Evaluation and the Potential of Quantitative <sup>1</sup>H NMR as a Purity Assay
Correction to Importance
of Purity Evaluation and
the Potential of Quantitative <sup>1</sup>H NMR as a Purity Assa
Residual Complexity Does Impact Organic Chemistry and Drug Discovery: The Case of Rufomyazine and Rufomycin
Residual complexity (RC) involves
the impact of subtle but critical structural and biological features on drug lead validation, including unexplained effects related to unidentified impurities. RC commonly plagues drug discovery efforts due to the inherent imperfections
of chromatographic separation methods. The new diketopiperazine, rufomyazine
(<b>6</b>), and the previously known antibiotic, rufomycin (<b>7</b>), represent a prototypical case of RC that (almost) resulted
in the misassignment of biological activity. The case exemplifies
that impurities well below the natural abundance of <sup>13</sup>C
(1.1%) can be highly relevant and calls for advanced analytical characterization
of drug leads with extended molar dynamic ranges of >1:1,000 using
qNMR and LC-MS. Isolated from an actinomycete strain, <b>6</b> was originally found to be active against <i>Mycobacterium
tuberculosis</i> with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
of 2 Ī¼g/mL and high selectivity. As a part of lead validation,
the dipeptide was synthesized and surprisingly found to be inactive.
The initially observed activity was eventually attributed to
a very minor contamination (0.24% [m/m]) with a highly active cyclic
peptide (MIC ā¼ 0.02 Ī¼M), subsequently identified as an
analogue of <b>7</b>. This study illustrates the serious implications
RC can exert on organic chemistry and drug discovery, and what efforts
are vital to improve lead validation and efficiency, especially in
NP-related drug discovery programs
Chlorinated Coumarins from the Polypore Mushroom <i>Fomitopsis officinalis</i> and Their Activity against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>
An EtOH extract of the polypore mushroom <i>Fomitopsis officinalis</i> afforded two new naturally occurring
chlorinated coumarins, which
were identified as the previously synthesized compounds 6-chloro-4-phenyl-2<i>H</i>-chromen-2-one (<b>1</b>) and ethyl 6-chloro-2-oxo-4-phenyl-2<i>H</i>-chromen-3-carboxylate (<b>2</b>). The structures
of the two isolates were deduced by <i>ab initio</i> spectroscopic
methods and confirmed by chemical synthesis. In addition, an analogue
of each was synthesized as 7-chloro-4-phenyl-2<i>H</i>-chromen-2-one
(<b>3</b>) and ethyl 7-chloro-2-oxo-4-phenyl-2<i>H</i>-chromen-3-carboxylate (<b>4</b>). All four compounds were
characterized physicochemically, and their antimicrobial activity
profiles revealed a narrow spectrum of activity with lowest MICs against
the <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> complex
Discovery and Characterization of the Tuberculosis Drug Lead Ecumicin
The new tuberculosis (TB) lead ecumicin
(<b>1</b>), a cyclic
tridecapeptide, was isolated from <i>Nonomuraea sp.</i> MJM5123,
following a high-throughput campaign for anti-TB activity. The large
molecular weight of 1599 amu detected by LC-HR-MS precluded the initial
inference of its molecular formula. The individual building blocks
were identified by extensive NMR experiments. The resulting two possible
planar structures were distinguished by LC-MS<sup>2</sup>. Determination
of absolute configuration and unambiguous structural confirmation
were carried out by X-ray crystallography and Marfeyās analysis