16 research outputs found
Eestis aastatel 2006-2015 sigadelt, veistelt ja koertelt isoleeritud Escherichia coli ja EnterococcusÂŽe perekonna mikroobide ning lehmadelt isoleeritud mastiidipatogeeenide antibiootikumiresistentsus
A Thesis
for applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in
Veterinary SciencesAntimicrobial resistance has been a global emerging threat in both human and veterinary
medicine during last two decades. Antimicrobial resistance as a global problem needs to be
handled on national, regional and international levels as a âOne Healthâ approach with
involvement of professionals in human and veterinary medicine. This broad-based overview of
antimicrobial resistance of animal (swine, cattle and dogs) bacteria isolated in Estonia creates
a basis for the future investigations and analyses of the resistance development in Estonia.
The prevalence of acquired antimicrobial resistance both in commensal bacteria of the enteric
microflora of healthy animals (swine and cattle) and animal pathogens indirectly indicates the
magnitude of the selective pressure from the use of antimicrobials in animal populations.
In light of this, we strongly recommend assessment of the treatment plans in the swine industry
in Estonia in order to ensure the prudent use of antimicrobials and to minimise the potential
spread of resistant bacteria from swine to the environment and to humans.
The use of antimicrobials in cattle in Estonia should be reviewed. Appropriate guidelines for
antibiotic usage were first published in 2012, while completed guidelines for antimicrobial
treatment of different animal species were published and implemented in 2018. A system for
effective control of the use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine in Estonia is still needed.Mikroobide antibiootikumiresistentsus on nii humaan- kui ka veterinaarmeditsiinis suur ja
kiiresti kasvav probleem viimased paarkĂŒmmend aastat. Mikroobide resistentsust
antibiootikumide suhtes tuleb kĂ€sitleda nii veterinaar- kui ka inimmeditsiini siduva ĂŒhtse
(âĂŒks tervisâ) probleemina ning resistentsuse kujunemist saab vĂ€hendada ainult ĂŒhise
jÔupingutusega. KÀesolevas töös kÀsitletud laiapÔhjalised uuringud nÀitavad loomadelt
isoleeritud mikroobide antibiootikumiresistentsuse taset uuritud loomaliikidel (siga, veis ja
koer) Eestis ning moodustavad baasi edasiste samasuunaliste uuringute tarbeks.
Mikroobide antibiootikumiresistentsus nii tervetelt kui ka haigetelt sigadelt ja veistelt
isoleeritud soolebakterite (Escherichia coli ja enterokokkide) hulgas viitab kaudselt
antibiootikumide kasutamise pikemaajalisele mÔjule nendel loomaliikidel. Uuringute pÔhjal
saab vĂ€ita, et Eestis tuleb ĂŒle vaadata ja korrigeerida eelkĂ”ige sigade antibiootikumiravi tavad
ja plaanid, et kindlustada antibiootikumide mÔistlik kasutamine ning vÀhendada resistentsete
mikroobide kujunemist ja levimist keskkonda ning inimestele.
Tuleb muuta antibiootikumide kasutamist veistel. Esmased juhendid antibiootikumide
otstarbekaks kasutamiseks loomakasvatuses on vÀlja töötatud ning avaldatud 2012. aastal,
tÀiendatud ja parandatud juhendid on avaldatud 2018. aastal. Eestis tuleb vÀlja töötada ja
rakendada sĂŒsteem loomadel antibiootikumide kasutamise tĂ”husaks kontrolliks ja
vastavasisuliseks nÔustamiseks.The publication of this dissertation is granted by the Estonian University
of Life Sciences
Patsiendiportaalist teadlikkuse ja selle kasutamise seos Eesti elanike hinnangutega arstiabi kvaliteedile ja kÀttesaadavusele
http://www.ester.ee/record=b4683651*es
Farmaatsiaterminoloogia ja Euroopa farmakopöa
Artiklis on toodud ingliskeelse Euroopa farmakopöa eestikeelne terminoloogia. Eestikeelsed terminid (4 tabelit) ravimivormide, manustamisviiside ja pakendite kohta avaldatakse vastavalt Euroopas kehtivale tavale rahvusvahelises vÀljaandes Standard Terms.
Eesti Arst 2004; 83(6): 414-43
Mikroobide antibiootikumiresistentsuse vĂ€hendamise tegevuskava veterinaarmeditsiini valdkonnas aastateks 2017â2021
TĂ€istekstRavijuhend on ĂŒldtunnustatud töövahend, mis annab juhiseid pĂ”llumajandusloomade antibakteriaalseks raviks ning seelĂ€bi vĂ”imaldab parandada nii osutatavate veterinaarteenuste kui lĂ”ppkokkuvĂ”ttes loomse toidu kvaliteeti. Reeglina keskendub ravijuhend ĂŒhele haigusele vĂ”i seisundile ning sisaldab soovitusi selle haiguse vĂ”i seisundiga loomade ravimiseks. Ravijuhend pĂ”hineb parimal kĂ€ttesaadaval tĂ”endusmaterjalil (kliinilisel tĂ”endusmaterjalil, rahvusvahelistes ajakirjades publitseeritud teadusuuringutel ja olemasolevatel kohalikel uurimisandmetel) ning on loomaarstidele abiks nende igapĂ€evases töös.
Ravijuhendite koostamisel on arvestatud riigi oludega, loomaarstiteenuse korraldusega ning Ôigusaktidest ja muudest juhenditest tulenevate reeglitega. Samuti lÀhtutakse ravijuhendites kulutÔhususe printsiipidest.
Antibiootikumiravi juhised on koostatud mikroobide resistentsuse tekkimise vÀhendamist silmas pidades.
Antibiootikumiravi juhendis on kasutatavad toimeained jagatud kolme klassi.
Esimese valiku (1. valik) moodustavad toimeained, millega tuleb diagnoositud haiguse ravi alustada. Esimese valiku antibiootikumide kasutamine vÔib toimuda ilma bakteriaalse diagnoosita ning kliiniliste tunnuste pÔhjal.
Teise valiku antibiootikumide kasutamine on lubatud juhul, kui haigust pĂ”hjustavatel mikroobidel on esimese valiku antibiootikumide suhtes tekkinud resistentsus, resistentsuse teke peab olema kinnitatud laboratoorse analĂŒĂŒsiga. Antibiootikumitundlikkuse mÀÀramine kas looma vĂ”i karja tasandil on vajalik, halb kliiniline ravivastus (ilma laborianalĂŒĂŒsi kinnituseta) ei ole piisav pĂ”hjendus teise valiku antibiootikumide kasutamiseks.
Kolmanda valiku antibiootikumide kasutamine on lubatud erandjuhtudel, kui tegemist on esimese ja teise valiku antibiootikumide suhtes tekkinud resistentsusega. Halb kliiniline ravivastus ei ole piisav argument kolmanda valiku antibiootikumide kasutamiseks. Rutiinne kolmanda valiku antibiootikumide kasutamine karjas eeldab piisava andmestikuga tĂ”enduspĂ”hist analĂŒĂŒsi.
Antibiootikumiravi juhendi eesmÀrk on:
⹠anda soovitusi bakteriaalsete infektsioonide tÔhusaks raviks
⹠soodustada antibiootikumide ohutut, efektiivset ja ökonoomset kasutamist
⹠vÀhendada antibiootikumiresistentsuse tekkimist
âą soodustada mikrobioloogiliste analĂŒĂŒside kasutamist enne ravi alustamis
Programmi RITA tegevuse 1 projekti âVarustuskindluse tagamine toidu, esmatarbekaupade, isikukaitsevahendite ja vee tarneahelas Eestisâ lĂ”pparuanne
Uuring valmis Majandus- ja Kommunikatsiooniministeeriumi, Rahandusministeeriumi,
Sotsiaalministeeriumi, Siseministeeriumi, Kaitseministeeriumi, Maaeluministeeriumi ja
Riigikantselei eesmĂ€rkide elluviimiseks.LĂ”pparanne tĂ€ieneb aja jooksul. KĂ€esolev versioon on seisuga 30.03.2022.KĂ€esolev aruanne vĂ”tab kokku uuringu âVarustuskindluse tagamine toidu, esmatarbekaupade,
isikukaitsevahendite ja vee tarneahelas Eestis (VARUST)â olulisemad jĂ€reldused. Uuringut rahastati Eesti
Teadusagentuuri Euroopa Regionaalarengu Fondi programmi âValdkondliku teadus- ja arendustegevuse
tugevdamineâ (RITA) tegevusest 1 âStrateegilise TA tegevuse toetamineâ (leping nr 7.2-2/20/24). Uuring
valmis Majandus- ja Kommunikatsiooniministeeriumi, Rahandusministeeriumi, Sotsiaalministeeriumi,
Siseministeeriumi, Kaitseministeeriumi, Maaeluministeeriumi ja Riigikantselei eesmÀrkide elluviimiseks.
Uuringu viis lĂ€bi kolmest organisatsioonist koosnev konsortsium, kuhu kuulusid Eesti MaaĂŒlikool (3
töögruppi), Eesti Konjunktuuriinstituut ja Eesti Taimekasvatuse Instituut.
Uuringu lĂ€hteĂŒlesande kohaselt oli uuringu eesmĂ€rgiks luua ettevĂ”tetele toimepidevuse hindamiseks
universaalne lÀhenemine (edaspidi mudel), pakkuda vÀlja varustuskindluse mÔÔdikud ja sihttasemed ning
pakkuda vÀlja soovitused, kuidas korraldada varustuskindluse lahendamine Eesti oludele sobivaimal ja
riigieelarvet ning ettevÔtjaid vÀhem koormaval viisil.Uuringu tellis ja uuringut rahastas Eesti Teadusagentuur Euroopa Regionaalarengu Fondist
toetatava programmi âValdkondliku teadus- ja arendustegevuse tugevdamineâ (RITA) tegevuse 1
âStrateegilise TA tegevuse toetamineâ kaudu
Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. isolated from Estonian cattle and swine from 2010 to 2015
Abstract Background The prevalence of resistant Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in food-producing animals has increased worldwide. The objective of the study was to investigate the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolated from healthy and diseased swine and cattle in Estonia. Clinical specimen and faecal samples were collected during 2010 to 2015. The in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the microdilution method. Results The most prevalent resistance of E. coli isolates from clinically healthy swine was observed against streptomycin (39.2%), tetracycline (32.5%) and sulfamethoxazole (30.0%), whereas in clinically healthy cattle, the resistance was the highest against aminoglycosides (7.0â8.8%) and tetracycline (7.0%). The E. coli isolates from clinically healthy swine showed significantly higher multidrug-resistance compared to isolates originated from clinically healthy cattle. E. coli isolates from diseased swine showed highest resistance to sulfamethoxazole (68.6%), tetracycline (60.2%) and streptomycin (54.6%). The proportion of resistant E. coli isolates from diseased cattle (clinical submissions) was highest to streptomycin (63.5%), sulfamethoxazole (60.3%) and tetracycline (58.8%). The proportion of multidrug-resistant isolates did not differ significantly between animal species. Among E. coli isolates, four strains representing AmpC phenotypes were found. One plasmid-encoded AmpC type ÎČ-lactamases producing E. coli from clinically healthy cattle was found to harbour the bla CMY-1 gene, and another from clinically healthy swine carried the bla CMY-2 gene. Among nine E. coli strains exhibiting an ESBL phenotype three strains was found to be the same genotype bla TEM-52C. Enterococci from healthy swine and cattle showed high resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin. Regarding enterococci, the number of multidrug-resistant strains was significantly higher in swine isolates compared to isolates originated from cattle. Conclusions The antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolates was high in both Estonian swine and cattle. However, swine isolates, especially E. coli from healthy swine, had developed a higher level of resistance. The amount of multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates was also significantly higher in clinically healthy swine compared to that in cattle
Udder pathogens and their resistance to antimicrobial agents in dairy cows in Estonia
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The goal of this study was to estimate the distribution of udder pathogens and their antibiotic resistance in Estonia during the years 2007-2009.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The bacteriological findings reported in this study originate from quarter milk samples collected from cows on Estonian dairy farms that had clinical or subclinical mastitis. The samples were submitted by local veterinarians to the Estonian Veterinary and Food Laboratory during 2007-2009. Milk samples were examined by conventional bacteriology. <it>In vitro </it>antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed with the disc diffusion test. Logistic regression with a random herd effect to control for clustering was used for statistical analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>During the study period, 3058 clinical mastitis samples from 190 farms and 5146 subclinical mastitis samples from 274 farms were investigated. Positive results were found in 57% of the samples (4680 out of 8204), and the proportion did not differ according to year (p > 0.05). The proportion of bacteriologically negative samples was 22.3% and that of mixed growth was 20.6%. <it>Streptococcus uberis </it>(<it>Str. uberis</it>) was the bacterium isolated most frequently (18.4%) from cases of clinical mastitis, followed by <it>Escherichia coli </it>(<it>E. coli</it>) (15.9%) and <it>Streptococcus agalactiae </it>(<it>Str. agalactiae</it>) (11.9%). The bacteria that caused subclinical mastitis were mainly <it>Staphylococcus aureus </it>(<it>S. aureus</it>) (20%) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) (15.4%). The probability of isolating <it>S. aureus </it>from milk samples was significantly higher on farms that had fewer than 30 cows, when compared with farms that had more than 100 cows (p < 0.005). A significantly higher risk of <it>Str. agalactiae </it>infection was found on farms with more than 600 cows (p = 0.034) compared with smaller farms. The proportion of <it>S. aureus </it>and CNS isolates that were resistant to penicillin was 61.4% and 38.5%, respectively. Among the <it>E. coli </it>isolates, ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline resistance were observed in 24.3%, 15.6% and 13.5%, respectively.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study showed that the main pathogens associated with clinical mastitis were <it>Str. uberis </it>and <it>E. coli</it>. Subclinical mastitis was caused mainly by <it>S. aureus </it>and CNS. The number of <it>S. aureus </it>and <it>Str. agalactiae </it>isolates depended on herd size. Antimicrobial resistance was highly prevalent, especially penicillin resistance in <it>S. aureus </it>and CNS.</p