Review of routing and wavelength assignment problem

In today’s internet world there is a growing demand of network bandwidth. Where traditional copper fibers offer very less bandwidth, optical fibers can offer very lager bandwidth. So, there is a growing sense of using optical fibers. Optical networks generally use wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique, which is the backbone of future generation internet. In WDM networks fibers are logically divided into non-interfering, circuit-switched communication channels. In optical network Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) problem is a typical problem. This can be seen as a conjunction of two problems, one is Routing and other one is Wavelength Assignment. First one finds a route from source to destination for requested connection and the next one assigns a wavelength to this route. The nature of RWA problem is NP-complete. Hence, heuristic approaches suits well for this class of problems. RWA problem can be formulated as Integer linear programming (ILP) problem. This type of problem focuses on optimizing a single objective. Here objectives may be minimizing the number of amplifiers or maximizing the number of connections or minimizing the number of wavelength used. But our primary objective in RWA problem is to establish a loop free path which minimizes the crosstalk. To achieve this objective we are taking the help of genetic algorithm (GA). Congestion among the individual lightpath request will be the parameter for the application of genetic algorithm

A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF COMPREHENSIVE INSIGHTS INTO ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of myocardial ischemic conditions, including unstable angina, Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI), and ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). Understanding the multifaceted nature of ACS is essential for effective management and improved patient outcomes. This narrative review provides a comprehensive exploration of ACS, covering various facets crucial to its comprehension. The article delves into the diverse risk factors contributing to ACS development and delve into the intricate pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie its manifestation. Additionally, it elucidate the wide-ranging clinical presentations and symptoms commonly encountered in ACS patients. A critical examination of diagnostic challenges is also undertaken, with a specific focus on cardiac biomarkers and electrocardiographic changes, addressing the complexities and variations in these key diagnostic elements. This narrative review offers an extensive overview of Acute Coronary Syndrome, shedding light on its multifactorial etiology, intricate pathophysiology, and diverse clinical presentations. By addressing diagnostic nuances related to cardiac biomarkers and electrocardiographic changes, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of the challenges in ACS diagnosis. A comprehensive grasp of ACS is essential for healthcare professionals to facilitate timely interventions and enhance patient care, ultimately leading to improved clinical outcomes

Properties of Carry Value Transformation

The notion of Carry Value Transformation (CVT) is a model of Discrete Deterministic Dynamical System. In this paper, we have studied some interesting properties of CVT and proved that (1) the addition of any two non-negative integers is same as the sum of their CVT and XOR values. (2) While performing the repeated addition of CVT and XOR of two non-negative integers "a" and "b" (where a >= b), the number of iterations required to get either CVT=0 or XOR=0 is at most the length of "a" when both are expressed as binary strings. A similar process of addition of Modified Carry Value Transformation (MCVT) and XOR requires a maximum of two iterations for MCVT to be zero. (3) An equivalence relation is defined in the set (Z x Z) which divides the CV table into disjoint equivalence classes.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures and 5 table

Optimization of Process Parameters in Laser Sheet Metal Bending

Laser sheet metal bending is a die less sheet metal forming process and a non-contact method. It is a thermo mechanical process where by a focussed or partially focused laser beam is used to induce localized heating and consequently deflection of the sheet along the incident beam occurs. The bending occurs because of internal thermal stresses developed as a result of irradiation instead of external forces. It can be very helpful in the process of rapid prototyping of various sheet metal parts because of its process flexibility and ability to design intricate shapes which are the major advantage against conventional methods. In the experiment Nd:YAG laser is used and the work-piece is AISI 304 stainless steel. Various process parameters in the experiment are laser power, scanning speed, beam diameter, pulse duration and number of passes. The effect of each process parameters is observed with respect to total deflection at the free end and bending angle by keeping other parameters constant. Design of experiment (DOE) is done with the help of Taguchi method. The results are analysed graphically and also with the help of ‘Analysis of variance’ and S/N ratios, so as to determine the optimum values of the process parameters and their individual effectiveness towards the net bending effect

Determination of Real Root for the Equation Developed Between Mean Velocity of Flow and Mean Depth of Flow

The relationship between mean velocity of flow and mean depth of flow is obtained for the given data of 0.75-inch roughness bed data. The real root of the equation is found using false position method and it is found the real root obtained for the equation is nearly equal to the value of maximum mean depth of flow i.e. with respect to advantage of roughness point of view dmax

Cross-linked Chitosan-Sodium Sulfate Matrix Systems Using Gel Casting Method for Sustained Drug Release of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride

The purpose of this study was to design a chitosan matrix systems made with cross-linking agents that targets control release of anticancer drug. Chitosan (CS) with cross-linking agent sodium sulfate (SS) was used for entrapping the model drug Doxorubicin Hydrochloride (DOX) through novel gel casting method. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), swelling index, drug entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release studies were also done for physicochemical characterization of the formulations. Statistically significant different t50% and MDT values were noted between SS (5% w/v), SS (10% w/v) matrix systems and the control, as well as between SS (5% w/v) matrix systems and all the other formulations at pH 5.8 and pH 7.4. DOX release was slower in matrix systems without Explotab® and also at higher dissolution media pH (7.4). Statistically significant dissimilarity was observed between the control and the SS (5% w/v) f2 = 11.32±2.54; SS (10% w/v) f2 = 12.16±0.82 at pH 7.4. The findings of the study suggested that the matrix formulation is a promising carrier for DOX delivery

Cross-linked Chitosan-Sodium Sulfate Matrix Systems Using Gel Casting Method for Sustained Drug Release of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride

The purpose of this study was to design a chitosan matrix systems made with cross-linking agents that targets control release of anticancer drug. Chitosan (CS) with cross-linking agent sodium sulfate (SS) was used for entrapping the model drug Doxorubicin Hydrochloride (DOX) through novel gel casting method. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), swelling index, drug entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release studies were also done for physicochemical characterization of the formulations. Statistically significant different t50% and MDT values were noted between SS (5% w/v), SS (10% w/v) matrix systems and the control, as well as between SS (5% w/v) matrix systems and all the other formulations at pH 5.8 and pH 7.4. DOX release was slower in matrix systems without Explotab® and also at higher dissolution media pH (7.4). Statistically significant dissimilarity was observed between the control and the SS (5% w/v) f2 = 11.32±2.54; SS (10% w/v) f2 = 12.16±0.82 at pH 7.4. The findings of the study suggested that the matrix formulation is a promising carrier for DOX delivery