A Population-Based Ultra-Widefield Digital Image Grading Study for Age-Related Macular Degeneration-Like Lesions at the Peripheral Retina.

Our understanding of the relevance of peripheral retinal abnormalities to disease in general and in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in particular is limited by the lack of detailed peripheral imaging studies. The purpose of this study was to develop image grading protocols suited to ultra-widefield imaging (UWFI) in an aged population

Multi-particle-collision dynamics: Flow around a circular and a square cylinder

A particle-based model for mesoscopic fluid dynamics is used to simulate steady and unsteady flows around a circular and a square cylinder in a two-dimensional channel for a range of Reynolds number between 10 and 130. Numerical results for the recirculation length, the drag coefficient, and the Strouhal number are reported and compared with previous experimental measurements and computational fluid dynamics data. The good agreement demonstrates the potential of this method for the investigation of complex flows.Comment: 6 pages, separated figures in .jpg format, to be published in Europhysics Letter

Does Scientific Progress Consist in Increasing Knowledge or Understanding?

Bird argues that scientific progress consists in increasing knowledge. Dellsén objects that increasing knowledge is neither necessary nor sufficient for scientific progress, and argues that scientific progress rather consists in increasing understanding. Dellsén also contends that unlike Bird’s view, his view can account for the scientific practices of using idealizations and of choosing simple theories over complex ones. I argue that Dellsén’s criticisms against Bird’s view fail, and that increasing understanding cannot account for scientific progress, if acceptance, as opposed to belief, is required for scientific understanding

Deep shower interpretation of the cosmic ray events observed in excess of the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin energy

We consider the possibility that the ultra-high-energy cosmic ray flux has a small component of exotic particles which create showers much deeper in the atmosphere than ordinary hadronic primaries. It is shown that applying the conventional AGASA/HiRes/Auger data analysis procedures to such exotic events results in large systematic biases in the energy spectrum measurement. SubGZK exotic showers may be mis-reconstructed with much higher energies and mimick superGZK events. Alternatively, superGZK exotic showers may elude detection by conventional fluorescence analysis techniques.Comment: 22 pages, 5 figure

Computer simulations of an impurity in a granular gas under planar Couette flow

We present in this work results from numerical solutions, obtained by means of the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, of the Boltzmann and Boltzmann--Lorentz equations for an impurity immersed in a granular gas under planar Couette flow. The DSMC results are compared with the exact solution of a recent kinetic model for the same problem. The results confirm that, in steady states and over a wide range of parameter values, the state of the impurity is enslaved to that of the host gas: it follows the same flow velocity profile, its concentration (relative to that of the granular gas) is constant in the bulk region, and the impurity/gas temperature ratio is also constant. We determine also the rheological properties and nonlinear hydrodynamic transport coefficients for the impurity, finding a good semi-quantitative agreement between the DSMC results and the theoretical predictions.Comment: 23 pages, 11 figures; v2: minor change

Impurity in a granular gas under nonlinear Couette flow

We study in this work the transport properties of an impurity immersed in a granular gas under stationary nonlinear Couette flow. The starting point is a kinetic model for low-density granular mixtures recently proposed by the authors [Vega Reyes F et al. 2007 Phys. Rev. E 75 061306]. Two routes have been considered. First, a hydrodynamic or normal solution is found by exploiting a formal mapping between the kinetic equations for the gas particles and for the impurity. We show that the transport properties of the impurity are characterized by the ratio between the temperatures of the impurity and gas particles and by five generalized transport coefficients: three related to the momentum flux (a nonlinear shear viscosity and two normal stress differences) and two related to the heat flux (a nonlinear thermal conductivity and a cross coefficient measuring a component of the heat flux orthogonal to the thermal gradient). Second, by means of a Monte Carlo simulation method we numerically solve the kinetic equations and show that our hydrodynamic solution is valid in the bulk of the fluid when realistic boundary conditions are used. Furthermore, the hydrodynamic solution applies to arbitrarily (inside the continuum regime) large values of the shear rate, of the inelasticity, and of the rest of parameters of the system. Preliminary simulation results of the true Boltzmann description show the reliability of the nonlinear hydrodynamic solution of the kinetic model. This shows again the validity of a hydrodynamic description for granular flows, even under extreme conditions, beyond the Navier-Stokes domain.Comment: 23 pages, 11 figures; v2: Preliminary DSMC results from the Boltzmann equation included, Fig. 11 is ne

Spurious diffusion in particle simulations of the Kolmogorov flow

Particle simulations of the Kolmogorov flow are analyzed by the Landau-Lifshitz fluctuating hydrodynamics. It is shown that a spurious diffusion of the center of mass corrupts the statistical properties of the flow. The analytical expression for the corresponding diffusion coefficient is derived.Comment: 10 pages, no figure

Peeping at chaos: Nondestructive monitoring of chaotic systems by measuring long-time escape rates

One or more small holes provide non-destructive windows to observe corresponding closed systems, for example by measuring long time escape rates of particles as a function of hole sizes and positions. To leading order the escape rate of chaotic systems is proportional to the hole size and independent of position. Here we give exact formulas for the subsequent terms, as sums of correlation functions; these depend on hole size and position, hence yield information on the closed system dynamics. Conversely, the theory can be readily applied to experimental design, for example to control escape rates.Comment: Originally 4 pages and 2 eps figures incorporated into the text; v2 has more numerical results and discussion: now 6 pages, 4 figure

Life at high Deborah number

In many biological systems, microorganisms swim through complex polymeric fluids, and usually deform the medium at a rate faster than the inverse fluid relaxation time. We address the basic properties of such life at high Deborah number analytically by considering the small-amplitude swimming of a body in an arbitrary complex fluid. Using asymptotic analysis and differential geometry, we show that for a given swimming gait, the time-averaged leading-order swimming kinematics of the body can be expressed as an integral equation on the solution to a series of simpler Newtonian problems. We then use our results to demonstrate that Purcell's scallop theorem, which states that time-reversible body motion cannot be used for locomotion in a Newtonian fluid, breaks down in polymeric fluid environments

On the velocity distributions of the one-dimensional inelastic gas

We consider the single-particle velocity distribution of a one-dimensional fluid of inelastic particles. Both the freely evolving (cooling) system and the non-equilibrium stationary state obtained in the presence of random forcing are investigated, and special emphasis is paid to the small inelasticity limit. The results are obtained from analytical arguments applied to the Boltzmann equation along with three complementary numerical techniques (Molecular Dynamics, Direct Monte Carlo Simulation Methods and iterative solutions of integro-differential kinetic equations). For the freely cooling fluid, we investigate in detail the scaling properties of the bimodal velocity distribution emerging close to elasticity and calculate the scaling function associated with the distribution function. In the heated steady state, we find that, depending on the inelasticity, the distribution function may display two different stretched exponential tails at large velocities. The inelasticity dependence of the crossover velocity is determined and it is found that the extremely high velocity tail may not be observable at ``experimentally relevant'' inelasticities.Comment: Latex, 14 pages, 12 eps figure