Tillverkning av aktivt kol från skogsavfall aktiverad med fosforsyra och zinksulfat

Activated carbon is a highly adsorbing material and has various scopes of uses depending on needs. It is used in many industries and applications e.g. to clean industrial wastewater, in medicine, discolor sugar and so on. What makes AC such a good adsorbent is its porous structure which gives it a high surface area.  This report consists of three parts; general information about Activated Carbon (AC) and its characteristics, to give the reader a sufficient background about AC for continuous understanding throughout the report, an experimental investigation in chemical activation of carbon with phosphoric acid as the chemical reagent and sawdust from both Cuban and Swedish Pine tree as precursors, and a second experimental investigation in chemical activation of carbon with Zinc Sulfate as the chemical reagent and sawdust from Cuban Pine tree as the precursor. For the first experimental part as well as for the second the objective is how to best combine the three parameters; acid concentration, impregnation ratio and activation temperature in order to get the best adsorption performance when preparing activated carbon with different precursor specimens and chemical reagents. The experiments with phosphoric acid activation show that treatment with 40% acid concentration at 400 °C produce an activated carbon with good properties for ammonia adsorption and good iodine number. If a 30% phosphoric acid is used for activation, an activation temperature of 500 °C is recommended. With an impregnation ratio of 1, good adsorption was obtained in the activated carbon produced from Swedish pine while using Cuban pine a higher adsorption was obtained with an impregnation ratio of 2. The experiments with Zinc Sulfate activation show that influence of the sulfate concentration (between 10 % and 40 %) and temperature (between 400 °C and 500°C) on the properties for ammonia adsorption in the produced activated carbon was considerable for low impregnation ratio (0.5 and 1). In general, activation conditions of 20% zinc sulfate concentration, 400 °C and impregnation ratio: 1 are enough to produce an activated carbon with good properties for ammonia adsorption. The adsorption of carbon tetrachloride was lower. Activated carbons produced with 10 % zinc sulfate concentration, 0.5 impregnation ratio and 400 °C activation temperature (the mildest studied conditions) show already good iodine number and BET surface area.  The main conclusion from the thesis work is that the optimal conditions vary widely with wanted results. Therefore a suggestion for future work is to narrow the research to fewer variables and more repetition of the samples.

Determination of cisplatin using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry in blood plazma

Cisplatīns ir pirmais platīnu klases saturošais pretvēža medikaments.Šīs klases platīna kompleksi reaģē in vivo,saistās ar DNS un izraisa DNS šķērssaistīšanos, kas gala rezultātā izraisa šūnu apoptozi.Cisplatīns ir ķīmijterapijas zāles,kas tiek izmantotas,lai ārstētu dažādu veidu audzējus,ieskaitot galvas un kakla audzējus,urīnpūšļa,sēklinieku,dzemdes kakla audzējus, kā arī sīkšūnu plaušu audzējus.Darba mērķis ir,izmantojot jaunākās paaudzes šķidrumu hromatogrāfijas-masspektrometrijas iekārtu,noteikt cisplatīna daudzumu asins plazmā un noskaidrot cisplatīna farmakokinētiskos parametrus–Cmax,t1/2,CL,AUC,MRT un sadalījuma tilpumu(V) pacientiem ar plaušu vēzi,kuri saņēma ķīmijterapijas kursu ar intravenozo Cisplatīna infūziju.Iegūtie rezultāti liecina,ka visiem pacientiem maksimālā koncentrācija bija 2487,03 µg/mL,t1/2 33,98 h,V 139,81 L,AUC 49,59 mg-h/l,CL 3,06 L/h un MRT 48,93 h.Atslēgas vārdi:cisplatīns,šķidruma hromatogrāfijas–masspektrometrijas metode,farmakokinētika,farmakodinamikaCisplatin is a first platinum-based class anticancer drug. This class of platinum complexes response in vivo, binds to DNA and DNA causing crosslinking which ultimately results in cell apoptosis. Cisplatin is a chemotherapy drug that is being used to treat different cancer types, including head and neck tumors,bladder,testicular,cervical tumors,and small cell lung tumor. The aim of the work is using the latest generation liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry equipment to determine the amount of cisplatin in plasma and clarify the pharmacokinetic parameters of cisplatin-Cmax,t1/2,CL,AUC,MRT and distribution volume(V) of the patients with lung cancer,who treated with chemotherapy regimen with intravenous cisplatin infusion.The results showed that all patients had a maximum concentration of approximately-2487.03 µg/mL,t1/2 33.98 h,V 139.81 L,AUC 49.59 mg-h/l,CL 3.06 L/h and MRT 48.93 h. Key words:cisplatin,liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method,pharmacokinetic,pharmacodynamic