9 research outputs found

    Measuring Coverage in MNCH:A Validation Study Linking Population Survey Derived Coverage to Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Care Records in Rural China

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    Accurate data on coverage of key maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) interventions are crucial for monitoring progress toward the Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5. Coverage estimates are primarily obtained from routine population surveys through self-reporting, the validity of which is not well understood. We aimed to examine the validity of the coverage of selected MNCH interventions in Gongcheng County, China.We conducted a validation study by comparing women's self-reported coverage of MNCH interventions relating to antenatal and postnatal care, mode of delivery, and child vaccinations in a community survey with their paper- and electronic-based health care records, treating the health care records as the reference standard. Of 936 women recruited, 914 (97.6%) completed the survey. Results show that self-reported coverage of these interventions had moderate to high sensitivity (0.57 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.50-0.63] to 0.99 [95% CI: 0.98-1.00]) and low to high specificity (0 to 0.83 [95% CI: 0.80-0.86]). Despite varying overall validity, with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) ranging between 0.49 [95% CI: 0.39-0.57] and 0.90 [95% CI: 0.88-0.92], bias in the coverage estimates at the population level was small to moderate, with the test to actual positive (TAP) ratio ranging between 0.8 and 1.5 for 24 of the 28 indicators examined. Our ability to accurately estimate validity was affected by several caveats associated with the reference standard. Caution should be exercised when generalizing the results to other settings.The overall validity of self-reported coverage was moderate across selected MNCH indicators. However, at the population level, self-reported coverage appears to have small to moderate degree of bias. Accuracy of the coverage was particularly high for indicators with high recorded coverage or low recorded coverage but high specificity. The study provides insights into the accuracy of self-reports based on a population survey in low- and middle-income countries. Similar studies applying an improved reference standard are warranted in the future

    Nitrogen Deposition Enhances the Positive Contribution of CO<sub>2</sub> Fertilization to China’s Carbon and Water Use Efficiencies

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    With climate change, Nitrogen deposition (ND) and carbon dioxide (CO2) have increased significantly, but the effects of ND and CO2 fertilization on carbon-use efficiency (CUE) and water-use efficiency (WUE) are still unclear. Therefore, the effects of ND and CO2 on CUE and WUE are studied by means of trend analysis and partial derivatives. The results show the following: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the mean CUE in China was 0.533, and the WUE was 1.235 g C kg−1 H2O. (2) In the study area, a 53.8% CUE and 61.8% WUE showed an upward trend, and ND enhanced the positive contribution of CO2 to CUE and WUE by 15.9% and 19.3%, respectively. (3) ND explained 48.1% and 56% of the increase in CUE and WUE, respectively, and CO2 explained 45.8% and 50.1% of the increases in CUE and WUE, respectively. (4) The areas dominated by ND and CO2 accounted for 43.9% and 12.7% of the total area, respectively, highlighting the importance of ND in the driving mechanism of CUE and WUE. The research results are helpful to further research in CUE and WUE

    Nitrogen Deposition Enhances the Positive Contribution of CO2 Fertilization to China&rsquo;s Carbon and Water Use Efficiencies

    No full text
    With climate change, Nitrogen deposition (ND) and carbon dioxide (CO2) have increased significantly, but the effects of ND and CO2 fertilization on carbon-use efficiency (CUE) and water-use efficiency (WUE) are still unclear. Therefore, the effects of ND and CO2 on CUE and WUE are studied by means of trend analysis and partial derivatives. The results show the following: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the mean CUE in China was 0.533, and the WUE was 1.235 g C kg&minus;1 H2O. (2) In the study area, a 53.8% CUE and 61.8% WUE showed an upward trend, and ND enhanced the positive contribution of CO2 to CUE and WUE by 15.9% and 19.3%, respectively. (3) ND explained 48.1% and 56% of the increase in CUE and WUE, respectively, and CO2 explained 45.8% and 50.1% of the increases in CUE and WUE, respectively. (4) The areas dominated by ND and CO2 accounted for 43.9% and 12.7% of the total area, respectively, highlighting the importance of ND in the driving mechanism of CUE and WUE. The research results are helpful to further research in CUE and WUE

    Socio-demographic characteristics of surveyed live births by matching status.

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    a<p>Based on the Chi-square test comparing matched and unmatched samples.</p>b<p>Live births born to mothers who answered “don’t know” to or refused to answer the corresponding questions are not presented.</p
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